1. Anatomy Final Review

2. Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy – the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
Gross or macroscopic
Microscopic
Developmental
Physiology – the study of the function of the body’s structural machinery

3. Organ System Interrelationships
The integumentary system protects the body from the external environment
Digestive and respiratory systems, in contact with the external environment, take in nutrients and oxygen

4. Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world
The internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium
Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis

5. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Variable produces a change in the body
Receptor monitors the environments and responds to changes (stimuli)
Control center determines the set point at which the variable is maintained
Effector provides the means to respond to the stimulus

6. Figure 1.4

7. Directional Terms
Table 1.1

8. Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (continued)

9. Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (continued)

10. Body Planes
Figure 1.8

11. 4 basic tissue types

12. Epithelial tissue Functions:
1. Protection from physical & chemical injury
2. Protection against microbial invasion
3. Contains receptors which respond to stimuli
4. Filters, secretes & reabsorbs materials
5. Secretes serous fluids to lubricate structures

13. Epithelial tissue

14. Characteristics of connective tissue
Farther apart than epithelium
Contain an “extracellular matrix” consisting of fibers and ground substance
Vascular

15. Muscle Tissue Skeletal Cardiac Smooth Muscles attached to bones
Voluntary, multiple nuclei, striations
Cardiac
Muscle tissue of the heart
Involuntary, single nucleus, striations, intercalated discs
Smooth
Walls of hollow internal organs
Involuntary, single nucleus, spindle-shaped cells

16. Nervous Tissue Location: Main component of the nervous system,
i.e., brain, spinal cord & nerves
Functions:
Regulates & controls body functions
Generates & transmits nerve impulses
Supports, insulates and protects impulse generating neurons

17. Integumentary System

18. Epidermis

19. Dermis

20. Hypodermis

21. Skin Color Determined by: Pigments (melanin, carotene)
Blood circulation
Thickness of stratum corneum

22. Skin Glands Sudoriferous (sweat) Sebaceous (oil)
Eccrine (skin surface) and Apocrine (hair follicle)
Eccrine: widely distributed
Apocrine: found in anogenital and axillary regions
Sebaceous (oil)
Produce oil for waterproofing
Empty into hair follicles

23. Skeletal System Functions
Support – form the framework that supports the body and cradles soft organs
Protection – provide a protective case for the brain, spinal cord, and vital organs
Movement – provide levers for muscles
Mineral storage – reservoir for minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus
Blood cell formation – hematopoiesis occurs within the marrow cavities of bones

25. Type of Bones Long bones – i.e. humerus and femur
Short bones – i.e. patella and ankle and wrist bones
Flat bones – i.e. sternum and most skull bones
Irregular bones – i.e. vertebrae and hip bones

27. Chemical composition of bone
Osteoblasts – bone-forming cells
Osteocytes – mature bone cells
Osteoclasts – large cells that reabsorb or break down bone matrix

30. Functions of Muscular System
Produce movement
Maintain posture
Stabilize joints
Generate heat

32. Neuromuscular Junction

33. Sliding Filament Theory

34. Muscle Movement Muscles are attached to at least two points
Origin – attachment to a moveable bone
Insertion – attachment to an immovable bone

35. Nervous System 1. Sensory input – gathering information
To monitor changes occurring inside and outside the body (changes = stimuli)
2. Integration –
to process and interpret sensory input and decide if action is needed.
3. Motor output
A response to integrated stimuli
The response activates muscles or glands

36. Divisions of Nervous System
CNS – brain and spinal cord; integration center
PNS – nerves outside the brain and spinal cord; sensory input and motor output

38. Nerve Impulse (Action Potential)
Depolarization – a stimulus depolarizes the neuron’s membrane
A depolarized membrane allows sodium (Na+) to flow inside the membrane
The exchange of ions initiates an action potential in the neuron