1. 2/12 Daily Catalyst Pg. 82 Fermentation
1. Where do the hydrogens come from in the ETC?
2. Where do the hydrogens go after they are delivered to the ETC?
3. Described chemiosmosis.

2. 2/12 Class Business Quiz #20 mini-test TOMORROW
All of Cellular respiration AND fermentation
Mardi Gras review pages:
Workbook pages: 35, 37-43, 109, and 69
Review cellular respiration
Quiz #20 corrections
Log your study hours!

3. 2/12 Class Business Just a reminder: NO HOODS
No even tucked in. This is your last warning then they are mine
No hats in the building. Even if you take it off in the class.
No headphones, even hanging out of your shirt! This is your last warning then they are mine!
ID’s and tucked in shirts at all times!
Clear back backs and purses must be small!
Tardies- NO MORE! We will move to more of drastic measure

4. 2/12 Class Business Seniors: Juniors AND Seniors
Scholarship opportunities available!
Pell Grants
Delgado will be on campus (2/25)
Juniors AND Seniors
ACT on March 17th
You should be studying!
18+ (cords)
EOC rewards for goods and excellent: CiCi’s pizza

5. 2/12 Agenda Daily Catalyst Class Business Review Fermentation notes
Book work
Homework: Study for quiz and finish book work

6. Electron transport chain Oxidative phosphorylation
Chemiosmosis and the electron transport chain
Oxidative
phosphorylation.
electron transport
and chemiosmosis
Glycolysis
ATP
Inner
Mitochondrial
membrane H+
P i
Protein complex
of electron
carners
Cyt c I II
III IV
(Carrying electrons
from, food)
NADH+
FADH2
NAD+
FAD+
2 H+ + 1/2 O2
H2O
ADP +
Electron transport chain
Electron transport and pumping of protons (H+),
which create an H+ gradient across the membrane
Chemiosmosis
ATP synthesis powered by the flow
Of H+ back across the membrane
synthase Q
Oxidative phosphorylation
Intermembrane
space
mitochondrial
matrix
Figure 9.15

7. There are three main processes in this metabolic enterprise
Electron shuttles
span membrane
CYTOSOL
2 NADH
2 FADH2
6 NADH
Glycolysis
Glucose 2
Pyruvate
Acetyl
CoA
Citric
acid
cycle
Oxidative
phosphorylation:
electron transport
and
chemiosmosis
MITOCHONDRION
by substrate-level
phosphorylation
by oxidative phosphorylation, depending
on which shuttle transports electrons
from NADH in cytosol
Maximum per glucose:
About
36 or 38 ATP
+ 2 ATP
+ about 32 or 34 ATP or
Figure 9.16

9. Concept 9.5: Fermentation enables some cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen
Key Point #1: Cellular respiration
Relies on oxygen to produce ATP
Aerobic respiration (O2)
What if there is not ANY oxygen?
Anaerobic respiration (no O2)

10. Key Point #2: Glycolysis
Can produce ATP with or without oxygen
How is ATP produced?
Substrate Phosphorylation
Who is the oxidizing agent of glycolysis?
NAD+

11. Types of Fermentation
Key Point #3: If NAD+ is consistently resupplied, Glycolysis can continue making the 2 ATP molecules.
Fermentation

12. Key Point #4: Alcohol fermentation
Pyruvate is converted to ethanol
Bacteria and fungi (yeast)
Bread, wine, and alcohol
releases CO2 and oxidizes NADH back to NAD+

13. Key Point #5: Lactic acid fermentation:
Pyruvate is reduced to form Lactate (lactic acid) as a waste product
NADHNAD+
No CO2 is released
Bacteria and Fungi
Yogurt and cheese

14. Lactic Acid Fermentation
During strenuous exercise, the blood cannot supply oxygen fast enough to the muscles. The lactic acid build up is what causes the fatigue and burning.
When the oxygen supply has caught up, the lactic acid is converted back to pyruvate in the liver.
So COOL!

15. (a) Alcohol fermentation (b) Lactic acid fermentation
2 ADP + 2 P1
2 ATP
Glycolysis
Glucose
2 NAD+
2 NADH
2 Pyruvate
2 Acetaldehyde
2 Ethanol
(a) Alcohol fermentation
2 Lactate
(b) Lactic acid fermentation H OH
CH3 C
O – O O–
CO2 2
Figure 9.17

16. Fermentation and Cellular Respiration Compared
Both fermentation and cellular respiration
Use glycolysis to oxidize glucose and other organic fuels to pyruvate
Key player is NAD+ as the oxidizing agent
We see differences in WHO the final electron acceptor is:
CR:
Oxygen
Fermentation:
Lactic acid or ethanol

17. Key Point #6: At the end of day, cellular respiration is all about producing ATP!
Produces more ATP (~36 molecules)
Fermentation:
Only 2 molecules of ATP

18. Pyruvate is a key juncture in catabolism
Glucose
CYTOSOL
Pyruvate
No O2 present
Fermentation
O2 present
Cellular respiration
Ethanol or
lactate
Acetyl CoA
MITOCHONDRION
Citric
acid
cycle
Figure 9.18

19. The Evolutionary Significance of Glycolysis
Occurs in nearly all organisms
Probably evolved in ancient prokaryotes before there was oxygen in the atmosphere

20. Concept 9.6: Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to many other metabolic pathways

21. The Versatility of Catabolism
Catabolic pathways
Funnel electrons from many kinds of organic molecules into cellular respiration

22. The catabolism of various molecules from food
Amino
acids
Sugars
Glycerol
Fatty
Glycolysis
Glucose
Glyceraldehyde-3- P
Pyruvate
Acetyl CoA
NH3
Citric
acid
cycle
Oxidative
phosphorylation
Fats
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Figure 9.19

23. Biosynthesis (Anabolic Pathways)
Key Point #7: The body
Uses small molecules to build other substances
These small molecules
May come directly from food or through glycolysis or the citric acid cycle

24. Regulation of Cellular Respiration via Feedback Mechanisms
Is controlled by allosteric enzymes at key points in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

25. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
The control of cellular respiration
Glucose
Glycolysis
Fructose-6-phosphate
Phosphofructokinase
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
Inhibits
Pyruvate
ATP
Acetyl CoA
Citric
acid
cycle
Citrate
Oxidative
phosphorylation
Stimulates
AMP + –
Figure 9.20

26. 9.6 Regulation of cellular respiration via feedback mechanisms
How does CR use feedback inhibition?
What is the enzyme that is controlled in glycolysis?
What do we call this type of control?
What molecule inhibits the enzyme? Stimulates?