1. Tarak Bahadur KC, PhD tarakbkc@gmail.com
Integrity and Ethics
Certificate course on Integrity Building Asar
Tarak Bahadur KC, PhD

2. Presentation outline Concept and foundation of integrity and ethics,
Characteristics of ethical and unethical behaviour,
Factors affecting integrity and ethics and consequences of unethical behaviour, and
Strategies to promote integrity in the public sector.

3. Methodology
Interactive lecture
Exercise:
Individual
Group
Video clip

4. A thought…….
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5. What clients expect from service providers?
What citizens do before going to public office to get service? Why?
List problems / complaints / grievances about public service
How is our service delivery? Do service receivers trust service providers?
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6. We have abundant natural resources, a large workforce, democratic institutions and practices, and supportive international community, etc. The only thing we lack is good governance.

7. Differentiate governance
Good governance
Bad governance
Rule of law
Transparent
Accountable
Participation
Responsive
Effective and efficient
Inclusive
Integrity
Inefficiency
Red-tape
Maladministration
Corruption
Secrecy
Abuse of public assets
Abuse of authority
Nepotism
patronage

8. We strive for good governance, i.e.
Accountable
Transparent
Responsive
Equitable & inclusive
Effective & efficient
Follows the rule of law
Participatory
Consensus oriented
Integrity
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9. Public officials are expected to make decisions and act solely in the public interest - not allowing decisions or actions to be influenced by personal or private interests.
Public institutions have to deliver public service efficiently and effectively to build public trust.
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10. Using powers responsibly, for the purpose and in the manner for which they are intended.
Acting with honesty and transparency, making reasoned decisions without bias by following fair and objective processes.
Preventing and addressing improper conduct, disclosing facts without hiding or distorting them.

11. Building trust through the provision of services that are of high quality.
Responsiveness, accountability, honesty, loyalty and fairness are vital to gain public trust.
Let us see how we are ...

12. स्थिति / प्रवृति ...
व्यवसायीद्वारा साल्ट ट्रेडिङलाई चिनीको बिक्रि रोक्न दबाव
२०७३/३/२१ गते बल्खु फलफुल तथा तरकारी बजार अनुगमन गर्न गएको मन्त्रि समेतको टोलीलाई Tampered Weighing Machine Seal गरेको बिरोधमा हातपात
सरकारले क्षमता भन्दा बढी यात्रु नबोक्न निर्देशन दिएको बिरोधमा चितवनमा यातायात व्यबशायीहरुले विध्यार्थीहरुलाई सवारी चढ्न रोक
कृषकद्वारा तरकारीमा विषादीको प्रयोग
मन्त्रीहरुले नियुक्ति पाएको १५ दिन भित्र सार्वजनिक गर्नु पर्ने सम्पति विवरण बुझाएका छैनन्
संसद बैठकमा गणपुरक संख्या नपुग्दा बैठक रद्द
बालाजुको डान्सबार बाट ८ कक्षामा पढ्ने १८० जना विध्यार्थी पक्राउ
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13. कार्यालय उपकरण / सामाग्री व्यक्तिगत काममा प्रयोग
वरिष्ठ कर्मचारीहरु कार्यालय समयमा लोक सेवा आयोगमा उत्तर पुस्तिका परिक्षण गर्ने
उप-सचिव सम्मको सरुवा सचिवले गर्ने अधिकार छ, तर नगरी नियम संशोधन
कार्यालय समय १० – ५, तर कर्मचारी ढिलो आउने र चाडै जाने
धारामा पानि नआयपनि महशुल तिर्नु पर्दछ
सडकका अवस्था
ट्याक्सी भाडा – मिटर र तिर्नुपर्ने रकम
सातजनाको हत्यामा संलग्न भारतीय सिरिअल किलर मुस्तकिम भनिने मो. रइस मियाँले बंशजका आधारमा नागरिकता र सप्तरी बाट २ र सिराहाबाट १ राहदानी लिएको – कान्तिपुर, २०७३/५/२२

14. संसदबाट खाजा र चिया बन्दपछी कतिपय संसदीय समितिमा चिया Self-service
निर्वाचन आयोगले प्रचलित कानुन बमोजिम आयव्ययसहितको बार्षिक प्रतिबेदन नबुझाउने ८२ राजनीतिक दललाई जरिवाना
संसदबाट खाजा र चिया बन्दपछी कतिपय संसदीय समितिमा चिया Self-service
म्याग्दीमा सेना र पर्यटकले साँघु बनाय
गिद्द संरक्षणमा नेपालको प्रशंसा
धनगढीको राधाकृष्ण सामुदायिक वन स्थानीयको अथक प्रयासपछि हराभरा र घना जंगल
कान्तिपुर,२२/८/२०७३
राहतमा रजाई: हेलिकोप्टर भाडाका लागि भन्दै प्रत्त्येक पिडित परिवार बाट एक हजारका दरले लाखौ असुली
किमाथांका नाकासम्म सडक विस्तारलाई तिब्रता दिन मंगलबार हेलिकप्टर बाट डोजर र ट्रयाक्टर पुर्यार्इएको छ

15. Your integrity is your gift to yourself and to the world.
Are You a Person of Integrity? (Take this self-evaluation and decide for yourself.)
True
False
I always try to do what is right, even when it is costly or difficult
I am true to my very best self.
I live up to the highest ethical standards.
I don't compromise my values by giving in to temptation.
I think I am / am not a person of integrity because:_________________
Your integrity is your gift to yourself and to the world.

16. How high are your ethical standards?
You are dining in a restaurant. You ordered four dishes and the waiter brings all four but, by mistake, billed you only for three. What would you do?
You know that the taxi fare from your home to the airport is NRs You had paid that price several times before; you know it is the correct fare. This time the taxi driver asks for NRs What would you do?
Shopkeeper returned more money than he had to. What would you do?
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17. You are in the field on official duty, got free vehicle; claim TA …
Lady dropped purse in-front of you, somebody picked up in front of you. What would you do?
You are in the field on official duty, got free vehicle; claim TA …
You got discounted air fare, claim ….
Office time 10 – 5, but come late and leave early regularly …
You found your supervisor using office vehicle for relatives …
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18. Spouse benefitting extra because of your position / status …
Your best friend is terminally ill and you are a life assurance salesman. Your friend needs NRs. 500,000 worth of insurance. No one knows and no one can find out that your friend is dying. Would you write the policy?
Spouse benefitting extra because of your position / status …
What is this ? Is it what we expect, or something else ?
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19. Let us define integrity
Work in group
Present your thoughts in picture/ diagram/symbol to explain what does integrity mean to you as an individual and at your workspace.
Each group have 15 minutes to prepare and 5 minutes to present.

20. Integrity
The word "integrity" stems from the Latin adjective ‘integer’ means whole, complete.
… is the inner sense of "wholeness" deriving from qualities such as honesty and consistency of character.
… is a concept of ‘consistency’ of actions, values, methods, measures, principles, expectations, and outcomes.
… is knowing right things to do and doing the right things.
… is being true to oneself, i.e. acting according to own-self.
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21. … refers to the application of values, principles and norms in the daily operations of public sector organisations.
… is not an absolute notion that you either have or totally lack. Such a black or white approach would, yet again, render the notion meaningless since no institution is without some blemish or occasional rule that requires bending.
... is about creating viable alternatives to corruption and ethical failures.

23. Integrity Integrity is the alignment of four factors: Accountability
Competence
Ethical Behaviour
Corruption
Integrity Action

24. Let’s work on factors… Work in group
one factor for one group
Each group have ten minutes for discussion and five minutes for presentation in the plenary
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25. Integrity Accountability Competence Ethical behaviour Transparency
Access to information
Consistency
Social responsibility
Clarity
Open to stakeholders
Professionalism
Quality
Effectiveness
Reliability
Responsiveness
Stewardship
Trustworthy
Fairness
Honesty
Lawfulness
Anti-corruption
Social justice
Respecting rights
Confidentiality
Without corruption ( Bribes, Patronage, Greed, Theft, Plagiarism, Exploitation, Manipulation)
(with corruption control)
- Integrity Action

26. Discussion Experience Sharing
Resignation of Kirti Nidhi Bista, Keshar Bahadur Bista, Devendra Raj Pandey, Rameshwor Khanal, Ajam Khan (State Minister of Home Affairs UP, India), South Korean PM, British PM David Cameron; and perspective of Lenin and Stalin, etc.
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27. Serving the public interest
Summary ...
Integrity
Serving the public interest
Transparency
Efficiency
Effectiveness
Accountability
Responsiveness
Fairness
Ethics
Legitimacy
Integrity is one of the pillars / components of governance to gain respect / trust.

28. Video on ethical and unethical Behaviour.

29. Write down Ethical and Unethical Behaviour on the flip chart
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30. Ethics and ethical behaviour
A set of moral principles and standards of “right” behavior and conduct.
Right or wrong, good or bad in actions that affects others.
A group of moral principles or set of values that define or direct us to the right choice.

31. A set of norms to show ideal human behavior in society.
Higher ethical standard and practices are critical in administering work to gain public trust.
Ethical behavior is the standards that you hold for yourself of the attributes of honesty, responsibility, and how you treat others in all facets of your life.

32. Code of ethics
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33. Ethical vs Un-ethical Behaviour
Honesty
Accountability
Doing a job well
Humility (humble, decency, servitude-placing other peoples need before one's own)
Integrity
Proper conduct and overall morality
Reliability
Dedication
Character
Fairness
Lying
Cheating / Stealing
Does not abide by the rules of morality
Bribes / Corruption
Deliberate deception
Violation of conscience
Failure to honor commitments
Unlawful conduct
Disregard of organisation policy
Inappropriate /mis-use of resources
Sexual harassment and bullying
Illegal acts

34. Group work: Consequences of Unethical behavior
Instruction
This activity aims to make you aware with the consequences of unethical behaviour.
Read the question given below carefully.
Reflect on your experience and list at least five responses to the question in the given space.
Then share your answers with your group members and come out with common list of at least five responses.
Take five minutes for answering the question individually and five minutes for agreeing on common responses.
Take five minutes for presentation by each group leader.
Assignment / Question
What are / may be the consequences of unethical behavior?
Individual response
Group response
1._________________________
2.__________________________
3.__________________________
4.__________________________
5._________________________
1.__________________________
5.__________________________

35. Consequences of Unethical Behaviour
Legal consequences
Morale decline and negative image
Trust deficit towards public institutions
Economic and social cost increases
Violation of rule of law
Corruption increases
Failure of institutional and regulatory arrangements to maintain ethics and prevent corruption
Excluded suffer the most

36. Improving / Building Integrity and Ethical Behaviour
Instruction
This activity aims to devise startegies for improving / developing integrity and unethical behaviour in the work place.
Read the question given below carefully.
Reflect on your experience and list responses to the question in the given space.
Then share your answers with your group members and come out with common list of responses.
Take five minutes for answering the question individually and five minutes for agreeing on common responses.
Take five minutes for presentation by each group leader.
Assignment /Question
How to improve / build integrity and ethical behaviour in the work place?
Individual response
Group response
1._________________________
2.__________________________
3.__________________________
4.__________________________
5._________________________
1.__________________________
5.__________________________

37. Improving ...
Capacity enhancement : physical, human resource, role clarity, etc.
Compliance to rule of law: strong regulative and legal enforcement mechanisms,
Promotion and adherence of ethical culture: norms, values and standards

38. Development of good personal behaviour- attitudinal (intention) change
Promotion of transparency
Protection of whistleblower
Reward and punishment
Minimizing the role of intermediaries
Effective monitoring and evaluation system
Also,

39. We should ask ourselves the following questions to improve / build integrity and ethical behaviour:
Will my action or decision be against law?
Will my action or decision be an affront of my own conscience?
Will my action or decisions be in the interest of or for the greatest good for the greatest number?

40. Am I easily accessible to public ?
Have I remain away from influences from political philosophy? Am I twisting facts for personal advantages?
Am I willing to stand up for and defend what is right?
Am I careful to keep promises?
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41. Assess your ethical position Acknowledge that “it starts with me!”
Also,
Assess your ethical position
Acknowledge that “it starts with me!”
Build ethical thinking into daily activities
Establish a legend; let it be disseminated
Act with responsibly
Be willing to pay the price

42. Group work: Factors affecting Integrity and Ethical behaviour
Instruction
This activity aims to make you aware with the factors affecting integrity and ethics.
Read the question given below carefully.
Reflect on your experience and list at least five responses to the question in the given space.
Then share your answers with your group members and come out with common list of at least five responses.
Take five minutes for answering the question individually and five minutes for agreeing on common responses.
Take five minutes for presentation by each group leader.
Assignment / Question
What are the factors affecting integrity and ethics?
Individual response
Group response
1._________________________
2.__________________________
3.__________________________
4.__________________________
5._________________________
1.__________________________
5.__________________________

43. Factors affecting Integrity and Ethical behaviour
Employee as an Individual
Internal/ Organizational
External Environment
Family Influences
Policies, Code of conduct
Government regulations
Religious / Cultural values
Behaviour of leaders, supervisors, peers and subordinates
Norms and values of politics – political behaviour
Personal standards, and needs
Organisational culture
Ethical climate of society- social values and norms
My Choice
How does religion affect – example rebirth
Ethical Behaviour

44. Public sector ethics and integrity
Public ethics refers to the collection of values and norms, moral standards or principles that form the foundation of integrity.
Civil servant integrity
Commitment to work
Competency and ethical character
Transparency, trust and trustworthiness
Public or organisation integrity is that set of characteristics that justify trustworthiness and generate trust among stakeholders. (Integrity Action, 2016).

45. Trust and Trustworthiness
Integrity
Trust
Trustworthiness

46. Integrity in the workplace
What is workpalce integrity?
Honesty
Confidentiality
Lead by example
Exhibit responsible behaviour – moral and ethical behaviour
Respect others and build trust
Follow organisational policy and rules
Work when you are in the office
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47. Public sector integrity
Public servants’ behaviour is in line with the public purposes of the organisation in which they work.
Daily public service operations for businesses are reliable.
Citizens receive impartial treatment on the basis of legality and justice.
Public resources are effectively, efficiently and properly used.
Decision-making procedures are transparent to the public, and measures are in place to permit public scrutiny and redress. – OECD, 2000
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48. Public sector integrity in Nepal
How you see Nepali public secotor integrity?
“ Nepal has tried a lot in promoting integrity, transparency and accountability but has largely been unsuccessful.” - Dix, 2011
Ethical issues are important for improving service delivery; but “…. Moral and ethical values in civil service are in the state of deterioration, causing service delivery to suffer.” – U R Shakya, 2009
“... कर्मचारीतन्त्रमा नैतिकता खस्केको अवस्थामा छ / राज्यप्रति वफादारिता छैन, आत्मकेन्द्रित प्रवृति हावी हुदै गएको छ / जनताको भन्दा आफ्नो हितमा काम गर्ने प्रवृति बढ्दो छ /...” – काशीराज दाहाल, गोरखापत्र, २०७३/३/८

49. “. नेपाली राजनीतिमा नैतिकताको खडेरी परेको छ /
“... नेपाली राजनीतिमा नैतिकताको खडेरी परेको छ / ... खडेरीको प्रभावले गर्दानै मुलुक आर्थिकरुपमा टाट पल्टिदै गरेको अवस्थामा पनि हामी ... आफ्नो तलव भत्ता, सुबिधा वृद्धिको चिन्ताको रोटे पिंगमा फनफनी घुमिरहेका छौ / ....” नैतिकताको कसिमा हामी सांसद – धनराज गुरुङ, सांसद, नेपाली कांग्रेस कान्तिपुर, २०७३/३/३०
“... यो देशको अधोगतिको एउटा मुख्य कारण भ्रस्टाचार हो ...” - प्रधानमन्त्री पुष्पकमल दाहाल, २०७३/५/२३गते संसदमा सम्बोधन
स्वास्थ्य मन्त्रालयले आफु मातहतका बहिरंग सेवा विहान १० बजे देखि अपरान्ह ५ बजे सम्म संचालन गर्न निर्देशन जारिगरेको छ/ मन्त्रालयले सबै चिकित्शक तथा स्वास्थ्य कर्मीले कार्यस्थलमा अनिबार्य पोसाक / एप्रोनसंगे परिचयपत्र लगायर काम गर्न समेत निर्देशन दिएको छ/ - कान्तिपुर, २०७३/९/६
“टेबलपिच्छे फरक शासन छ”- गृहमन्त्री, १८ असार, २०७४ कान्तिपुर

50. An Incident: Ram Singh
Ram Singh is the project manager of a project. He has been running the project effectively with the help of his capable staffs. He is fully aware with the fact that he can’t run the project without their support. Mr. Singh has occasionally noticed that some malpractices exist among some of his subordinates causing harms to the project with the low quality of work and increased costs. However, he has also noticed that these malpractices are not contrary to the project’s existing rules and regulations and he is sure that the subordinate employees will be annoyed and frustrated to continue to work with supportive attitudes, if he controls such malpractices. He is therefore pretending of being ignorant of malpractices at subordinate level just to ensure their continued support for running the project smoothly and completing on time. If this is an representative case of public service, how do you explain Ram Singh behaviour ?
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51. National Integrity System
Foundations: Politics, Society, Economy, and Culture
The Nepali politics is service to the nation and the people. The values of Nepali society also aim at purity in character of public officials in their public life. Nepali values of the economy particularly land, labour, capital, enterprise emphasizes fairness and stands against cheating. The culture of Nepal has been specially oriented towards truthfulness, honesty and integrity.
Thus, all four foundations of NIS, in Nepal, possess values that stand against corruption and abuse of authority.
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52. Over time, however, all four have lost their core because of the race for power in politics, commercialization in society, profit in economy and contamination and malpractices in culture. People have simply forgotten the values with consumerism and materialism. That is the reason why practices such as corruption and abuse of authority flourish.
Integrity Study, Nepal 2012
Why so? ... Let us find out.

53. Integrity Building: 3 Elements
Identify and name an integrity problem
Knowledge of the legislation, codes, standards, related to the problem
Identify the solution

54. Integrity Building Approaches
A lawyer’s approach
Toughening laws & legislations
A businessman’s approach
Offering incentives to officials to disengage from corruption (buy out corruption).
A market or an economist’s approach
Introduce or increase competition
An institutional approach
Genuine political/leadership commitment

55. Community Integrity Building (CIB)
The CIB is a collaborative method / approach developed by Integrity Action for local citizens and public officials to jointly work on improving the provision and performance of public services and public infrastructure, thereby improving the lives of thousands of people. This is achieved by:
Jointly identify the governance problems related to public services and infrastructure,
Propose practical solutions, and
Working together to ensure that the solutions are implemented.
This approach has five phases, outlined below, and within each of the phases there are a number of steps to follow and tools to use. It helps to Fix problems.
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57. 1.1 Context & Stakeholder Analysis 1.2 Community Engagement
1. Context Sensitivity
1.1 Context & Stakeholder Analysis
1.2 Community Engagement
1.3 Establishing a Baseline
2. Joint Learning
2.1 Identifying Community Monitors
2.2 Training Community Monitors
2.3 Joint Working Groups (JWGs)
2.4 Selecting Development Projects to Monitor
3. Evidence Base
3.1 Data Collection, Analysis and Verification
4. Constructive Engagement
4.1 Sharing Findings
4.2 Identify solutions and advocate for change
5. Closing the loop
5.1 Fixing Problems & Advocacy
5.2 Learning & Impact Assessment
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58. The Fix – Rate : A key Metric for Transparency and Accountability
… is the percentage of identified problems that are resolved to the satisfaction of the key stakeholders. It provides a baseline indicator of performance and effectiveness.
… measures the incidence with which transparency and accountability problems are resolved satisfactorily – the percentage of resolved problems.
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59. … can be used more broadly as a Key Performance Indicator (KPI) of effectiveness of institutions in resolving problems.
… helps tracking and reporting conviction rates.
… helps to highlight where and how organisations need to work together to be more effective.

60. Integrity Leader
Think of an ideal person who you find with high integrity. Why?
Please share some of his/her characteristics.

61. Integrity Leader
 Integrity leader is the concept of consistency of actions, values, methods, measures, principles, expectations and outcomes. It connotes a deep commitment to do the right thing for the right reason, regardless of the circumstances.
Integrity leader is necessary condition for Integrity Building but we need something more.

62. Integrity builder is someone who build on -
Establishing culture beyond compliance in an organisation.
Building a culture of high ethical standards that are reflected in day- to-day practice.
Constructing culture based on ethical behaviour.

63. Core characteristics of integrity builder
Commitment to public interest
Incorruptibility
Consistency of goal
Experimentation
Competence
Institutional intelligence

64. Summary and Conclusion
Integrity is the cornerstone for good governance which refers to the application of values, principles and norms in the daily operations of public sector organizations.
Integrity includes consistency and an unwavering adherence to values and beliefs. How much depth we perceive and pursue it, we have to carefully judge ourselves. The weaker the integrity and ethical behaviour, the stronger the corruption.

65. CIB helps to improve the performance of public services and infrastructure by fixing problems. This leads to increased trust and trustworthiness, i.e. Integrity.
The need, therefore, is to be ethical; and ethical behaviour can be improved at organisational and individual level.
Integrity
Trust
Trustworthiness

67. Success Will Come and Go, But Integrity is Forever.
“Try not to become man of success, but rather become a man of Value.”
– Albert Einstein
God bless You
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69. Integrity vs. Ethics Ethics Integrity Following the rules
A set of standardized rules for conducting yourself morally
The agreed upon standards of what is desirable and undesirable; of right and wrong conduct
An external system of rules and laws
Doing the right thing, regardless of the rules.
A personal code of conduct that goes above the letter of good conduct and encompasses the spirit of good conduct
A state or condition of being whole, complete unbroken, unimpaired, sound, in perfect condition
An internal system of principles which guides our behavior