1. Eubacteria are prokaryotes whose cell walls contain peptidoglycan.
Chapter 17
Organizing Life’s Diversity
17.3 Domains and Kingdoms
Domain Bacteria
Eubacteria are prokaryotes whose cell walls contain peptidoglycan.
Eubacteria are a diverse group that can survive in many different environments.
Classifying Using Biotechnology

2. Archaea are diverse in shape and nutrition requirements.
Chapter 17
Organizing Life’s Diversity
17.3 Domains and Kingdoms
Domain Archaea
Archaea are thought to be more ancient than bacteria and yet more closely related to our eukaryote ancestors.
Archaea are diverse in shape and nutrition requirements.
They are called extremophiles because they can live in extreme environments.

3. Methanogens Thermoacidophiles Extreme Halophiles Archaebacteria Types
sewage
Thermoacidophiles
Hot springs
. Archaebacteria can be divided into THREE Groups, based on the Environment in which they live:
    A.  METHANOGENS - Live in oxygen-free environments (anaerobic conditions) and produce Methane Gas.   They are named for their unique method of harvesting Energy by converting H2 and CO2 into Methane Gas. Because Oxygen is a Poison To Them, Methanogens can Live Only in ANAEROBIC Conditions, such as the Bottom of Swamps and in Sewage.  The methane produced by methanogens living in the waters of SWAMPS, SEWAGE, or MARSHES is called SWAMP GAS.  Methane produced in the DIGESTIVE TRACTS of many animals including humans is called INTESTINAL GAS.  In the digestive track of cows they break down CELLULOSE, enabling cows to use nutrients in grass and plants.  They are used in INDUSTRY to treat SEWAGE and to help PURIFY WATER.
    B.  THERMOACIDOPHILES - Can live in Water that is Extremely HOT (230 degrees F.) and ACIDIC (pH less than 2), two conditions that would kill other organisms.  Can be found around HOT SPRINGS like those at Yellowstone National Park, No other organism can live in these waters!  Thermoacidophiles live near volcanic vents on land or near hydrothermal vents, cracks in the ocean floor miles below the surface that leak scalding acidic water.
    C.  EXTREME HALOPHILES - Live in Extremely SALTY Conditions.  Found in the Great Salt Lake in Utah and the Dead Sea.  Can grow in water that is up to ten times saltier than seawater. High salt concentrations would kill most bacteria, but this high concentration is beneficial to the growth of Extreme Halophiles, and these organisms use Salt to Generate ATP.
Great salt lakes
Extreme Halophiles

4. Cyanobacteria “Blue-green algae” Only 200 species?
In different conditions they grow differently
Lots of colors
Photosynthetic
Cyanobacteria were the first organisms on Earth to do modern photosynthesis and they made the first oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere
7,500 ? species

5. BASIC SHAPES OF EUBACTERIA
ROD-SHAPED
SPIRILLA
SPHERICAL

6. Bad Bacteria!
Certain bacteria act as pathogens and cause tetanus, typhoid fever, pneumonia, syphilis, cholera, food-borne illness and tuberculosis.
Streptococcus bacteria may cause small infections like strep throat and some serious diseases like pneumonia. Certain streptococci may be fatal.
Bacteria that usually live harmlessly in the body may cause infections when a person's resistance to disease is reduced in conditions such as AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome).
Not all stomach bacteria are beneficial, some of the stomach bacteria enter the body through the mouth, and they can survive in the acidic conditions in the stomach and can cause serious diseases and can be fatal.
Campylobacter is a group of bacteria that can create illnesses in humans and is a common cause of food poisoning.</LI.
Harmful bacteria in food cause botulism, which can cause paralysis or even death if even one millionth of the bacterium is ingested.
Yersinia pestis or bubonic plague, is a rod-shaped type of bacterium which is well known for its harmful nature. Bacteria-carrying fleas found on animals such as rats and mice transmit the bacteria that are believed to have caused the deaths of millions of people in human history.

7. Bacteria Caused Diseases
Bacteria can cause the following diseases:
Tuberculosis
Pneumonia
Strep throat
Staph infections
Scarlet fever
Syphilis
Gonorrhea
Chlamydia
Boils
Tetanus
Lyme disease
Ear infections
Many sexually transmitted diseases (STD’s) are caused by bacteria.
Gonorrhea
Syphilus
Chlamydia

8. salmonella
Helibacter pilori
anthrax
E. coli

9. Botulism
One group of bacteria called clostridia, can form endospores. Clostridium botulinum, produces a toxin. If canned food is not properly sterilized these endospores can become active inside a can and the disease “botulism” can occur.

10. Antibiotics
Antibiotics are drugs that combat bacteria by interfering with cellular functions
Penicillin – interferes with cell wall production
Tetracycline – interferes with protein production
Sulfa drugs – produced in the laboratory
Broad-spectrum antibiotics will affect a wide variety of organisms

11. Penicillin, an antibiotic, comes from molds of the genus Penicillium Notice the area of inhibition around the Penicillium.

12. Bacteria aren’t all Bad!

13. Root Nodules 50% to 70% of the biological nitrogen fixation
Atmospheric N2
N “fixer”
Plant roots
50% to 70% of the biological nitrogen fixation
NifTAL: Nitrogen Fixation of Tropical Agricultural Legumes

14. Nitrogen Cycle

15. Actinomycetes, produce antibiotics such as streptomycin and nocardicin.
Bacteria are often maligned as the causes of human and animal disease. However, certain bacteria, the actinomycetes, produce antibiotics such as streptomycin and nocardicin.
Actinomycetes
Actinomycetes are a specific group as bacteria. Morphologically they resemble fungi because of their elongated cells that branch into filaments or hyphae. During the process of composting mainly thermophilic (adapted to high temperatures) and thermotolerant actinomycetes are responsible for decomposition of the organic matter at elevated temperatures. In the initial phase of composting the intensive increase of microbial activity leads to a self heating of the organic material. High temperatures in composting help to kill viruses, pathogenic bacteria, e.g. coliforms, and weed seeds present. Actinomycetes live predominantly aerobically, i.e. they need oxygen for their metabolism. The compost material should therefore be well aerated. Generally, actinomycetes grow on fresh substrates more slowly than other bacteria and fungi. During the composting process the actinomycetes degrade natural substances such as chitin or cellulose. Natural habitats of thermophilic actinomycetes are silos, corn mills, air conditioning systems and closed stables. Some thermophilic and thermotolerant actinomycetes are found to be responsible for allergic symptoms in the respiratory tract (e.g. "extrinsic allergic alveolitis", EAA).

16. Bacteria make Vitamin K
For example, bacteria in your gut produce vitamin K which is essential to blood clot formation.
Bacteria make Vitamin K

17. Bacteria put the tang in yogurt and the sour in sourdough bread.
Saprobes help to break down dead organic matter.
Bacteria make up the base of the food web in many environments.
Streptococcus thermophilus in yogurt

18. Sewage treatment
The effluent from the primary settlement tanks undergoes a biological treatment by the Activated Sludge process (ASP). The effluent passes through a raceway system of deep (6.1 metre) tanks which have air blown in at the bottom, forcing oxygen into solution. Flocs of bacteria grow aerobically, using the carbonaceous material in the sewage as an energy source and thus reducing the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD).

19. Oil Spills

20. Binary Fission
It involves the copying of the DNA and the splitting into two new cells.

21. A virus is a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat.
Chapter 17
Organizing Life’s Diversity
17.3 Domains and Kingdoms
Viruses—An Exception
A virus is a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat.
Viruses do not possess cells, nor are they cells, and are not considered to be living.
Because they are nonliving, they usually are not placed in the biological classification system.

22. Characteristics Non living structures Noncellular
Contain a protein coat called the capsid
Have a nucleic acid core containing DNA or RNA
Capable of reproducing only when inside a HOST cell
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23. Characteristics Some viruses are enclosed in an protective envelope
CAPSID
Some viruses are enclosed in an protective envelope
Some viruses may have spikes to help attach to the host cell
Most viruses infect only SPECIFIC host cells
DNA
ENVELOPE
SPIKES
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24. Characteristics Some viruses cause disease
Smallpox, measles, mononucleosis, influenza, colds, warts, AIDS, Ebola
Some viruses may cause some cancers like leukemia
Virus-free cells are rare
MEASLES
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25. Viral Shapes Viruses come in a variety of shapes
Some may be helical shape like the Ebola virus
Some may be polyhedral shapes like the influenza virus
Others have more complex shapes like bacteriophages
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26. Complex Viruses
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27. Bacteriophages
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28. Adenovirus
COMMON COLD
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29. Used for Virus Identification
RNA or DNA Virus
Do or do NOT have an envelope
Capsid shape
HOST they infect
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30. Retroviruses
The enzyme reverse transcriptase (or RTase), which causes synthesis of a complementary DNA molecule (cDNA) using virus RNA as a template
RTase
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31. Retroviruses HIV, the AIDS virus, is a retrovirus
Feline Leukemia Virus is also a retrovirus
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32. Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles
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33. Prion Diseases Prions form insoluble deposits in the brain
Causes neurons to rapidly degeneration.
Mad cow disease (bovine spongiform encephalitis: BSE) is an example
People in New Guinea used to suffer from kuru, which they got from eating the brains of their enemies
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