1. Human Factors and Flight Physiology
Aerospace Engineering
© 2011 Project Lead The Way, Inc.

2. Principles of Engineering – Human Factors and Flight Physiology
As a class, we will look at this clip: Get your Notebook. In your notebook, draw the following slides (use colors) and make sure they are 4 per page: , 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14.

3. Presentation Name
Course Name
Unit # – Lesson #.# – Lesson Name
Human Factors
Advances in technology have reduced demand for human input
Human input and decision making is often crucial at some level
Pilots and flight crews provide the human component to flight. It is critical that aerospace designers as well as pilots and flight crews understand the limitations and capabilities of the human body, also called human factors, so that safety and efficiency are maximized at all times.
Unmanned Ariel Vehicle, UAV, development has is eliminated the need for a human on board the aircraft and has reduced the need for human interaction on the ground.

4. Presentation Name
Course Name
Unit # – Lesson #.# – Lesson Name
Flight Physiology
Pilots and the supporting flight crew provide the human dynamic for flight
The body and mind strengths and limitations impact the design and operation of aircraft

5. Incidents and Accidents
Presentation Name
Course Name
Unit # – Lesson #.# – Lesson Name
Incidents and Accidents
More than 70% of aviation accidents and incidents are related to human factors
Most accidents occur as result of a series of incidents
The NTSB contains a wealth of factual information about aviation accidents.
There are many examples of incidents and accidents involving aircraft available. Though some websites may present multimedia related to this content for entertainment, consider that people may have been seriously injured or killed as a result. As a potential future professional be respectful of this reality.

6. Presentation Name
Course Name
Unit # – Lesson #.# – Lesson Name
SHEL Model
Interrelationship between human factors and the aviation environment
SHEL
S = Software
H = Hardware
E = Environment
L = Liveware
A model developed by Edwards and Hawkins of the International Civil Aviation Organization, ICAO, to provide a framework for safety management systems. Liveware is a component of the SHEL model. Liveware is also the central figure that each component will affect. Therefore if the pilot (liveware) has an issue, all systems are affected. If systems have issues, they affect the pilot (liveware).

7. Liveware Failure: Incapacitation
Presentation Name
Course Name
Unit # – Lesson #.# – Lesson Name
Liveware Failure: Incapacitation
Not able to perform at normal levels
Sudden
Subtle
Total
Partial
Distraction
Recognized
Unrecognized
Sudden – Occurs in the moment without warning. A pilot collapse (heart attack, seizure, etc.) could be fatal. If a crew member is present, the first priority is to maintain flight.
Subtle – Unnoticed by pilot or crew
Total – Completely incapacitated
Partial – Fatigued, sick, etc.
Distraction – Personal issues, control issues, etc.
Recognized or Unrecognized – Does the pilot recognize that an issue exists?

8. Human Body System
A human body has multiple systems which impact aircraft and spacecraft design
Understanding these systems help Aerospace Engineers design safer vehicles

9. Cardiovascular System
Maintains an uninterrupted blood movement including oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste
The heart pumps blood into arteries, capillaries, and then tissue and cells

10. Central Nervous System
Presentation Name
Course Name
Unit # – Lesson #.# – Lesson Name
Central Nervous System
Collects, transfers and processes information with the brain and spinal cord
The brain controls physiological, mechanical, and mental functions through electrical and biochemical signals. The spinal cord Bundle of nerves located in the spine that allow the signals transmitted from the brain to travel to other parts of the body. Nerves deliver information to and from the central nervous system and provide feedback to control breathing, digestion, heart rate, blood pressure, etc.

11. Musculoskeletal System
Presentation Name
Course Name
Unit # – Lesson #.# – Lesson Name
Musculoskeletal System
Support bones
Allows for movement
The muscular and skeletal systems work together to move the human body. Muscles contract, or shorten, and pull on bone to bring about movement. Muscles are connected to bones by tissue called tendons. Skeleton are made up of bones. Muscles pull on bone to bring about movement. Tendons link bone and muscle.

12. Respiratory System
Exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of the blood stream through lungs

13. Metabolic System Allows all body systems to work together
Presentation Name
Course Name
Unit # – Lesson #.# – Lesson Name
Metabolic System
Allows all body systems to work together
Converts resources into substances, chemicals, and energy to support brain and body activity
The metabolic system is comprised of the liver, gallbladder, kidneys, pancreas, thyroid.

14. Vestibular System Crucial for Impact on aviation Balance
Sense of spatial orientation
Impact on aviation
Helps to maintain orientation
Can give confused messages

15. References
International Civil Aviation Organization (2009). Safety Management Manual (SMM). Retrieved from