1. Science HSPE Review
Earth Science

2. Content Standard: Earth and Space Science
Benchmarks:
Explain how evidence from stars and other celestial objects provide information about the processes that cause changes in the composition and scale of the physical universe.

3. Earth Science
There are four areas of study that contribute to Earth Science
Geology
Astronomy
Hydrology
Meteorology

4. The Big Bang Theory Explosion 13.7 billions years ago
Galaxies are moving away from central location
Red-shift- the light most galaxies gives off is close to the red end of the spectrum because energy weakens as it is stretched out. Stars moving toward us will shift to the blue end of the spectrum

5. How is a star formed?
Nebula- dust and gas get pulled together by gravity in space.
Extreme heat is produced, causing nuclear fusion, which causes hydrogen protons to join together producing the massive energy just as our sun does.
The nebula depending on the size, becomes a massive star or a low mass star.

6. The Lifecycle of Stars

7. The Life Cycle of a Star
Main sequence stars convert hydrogen to helium in their cores. When the star runs out of hydrogen, the helium can be changed into heavier elements. The cores of the stars shrink and their surfaces expand and become cooler.

8. Galaxies Large group of stars; billions in the universe.
Our solar system- sun, Earth and 8 other planets belong to the Milky Way Galaxy.

9. Spiral, Elliptical & Irregular Galaxies

10. The Planets
No longer a planet
Does the sun revolve around the earth, or does the earth revolve around the sun?
What causes all the planets, sun and the moon to not come crashing down on us?

11. Law of Universal Gravitation
The planets revolve around the sun due to gravity!
Newton proposed between any two objects there is attraction that is proportional to the masses of the objects and the distances between them.
In English: the more mass an object has, the stronger gravity pulls on the object with less mass than itself.
For example, Earth has more mass than our moon, this is why the moon revolves around our Earth.

12. The Reason We Have Night & Day
The earth rotates on its axis which brings different parts of the earth in contact with the sun at certain times.
The reason the sun appears to “rise in the east” is because that’s the way our earth rotates, bringing the eastern part of the U.S. in contact with the sun first.
FYI- 1 day is 1 rotation of the Earth. 1 year is 1revolution of the Earth around the sun.

13. Tools Used By Astronomers
Telescopes
Spaceship
Satellites
Probes
Rover

14. Quiz
Answer the following questions

15. Quiz 1. Name 4 areas of study that contribute to Earth Science.
What does red-shifting mean?
How is a star formed?
What is the core of the sun made of?
Name 3 types of galaxies?
What type of galaxy is Earth from?
How many planets are recognized?
Does the sun revolve around the earth or does the moon revolve around the earth?
What causes night and day on earth?
What are tools used by an astronomer?

16. Seasons
Earth is tilted as it revolves around the sun which allows various places to have a certain weather during the seasons.
4 Seasons

17. Seasons Cont.
During winter for Cleveland and other places in the Northern Hemisphere, we are tilted out of contact with these hottest rays from the sun. This is why it is cold.
Places along the equator are hot year round because they are in direct contact with the sun’s hottest rays or very close to them
When the Northern Hemisphere is having winter, the Southern Hemisphere is having summer. This is because the Earth’s tilt brings the S. Hemishere in contact with the hottest direct rays.
Places along the equator are warm year round because the hot direct rays never move far from the equator.
Places close to the N. & S. Pole never get the sun’s direct hot rays. This is why its never warm in these areas.

18. The Moon
The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite and is the fifth largest satellite in the Solar System. It is the largest natural satellite in the Solar System relative to the size of its planet, a quarter the diameter of Earth and 1/81 its mass.

19. Solar Eclipse
Occurs when the moon either partially or completely blocks the sun from the Earth’s view.
The last total eclipse was the solar eclipse of November 13, 2012.

20. Lunar Eclipse