1. You say you want a revolution?
Mettez des vêtements! Vous me rendez fou!

2. The Age of Revolution Genesis prior to the Industrial Revolution
Origins in the Renaissance, Reformation, and Enlightenment periods, all of which were revolutionary in their own right.
Humanism History
Successful opposition to powerful but corrupt institutions Economic changes
Appeal to natural rights Faith in human progress
Good old fashioned idealism
Origins in the Renaissance, Reformation, and Enlightenment periods, all of which were revolutionary in their own right.
what do you think happens when people start thinking about the here and now and their own place in the scheme of things?
especially Ancient Greek--uh, democracy, anyone?--and Roman--republics, tyrants, the whole shebang!
e.g. Luther v. The Church, and establishing rival and independent institutions
commercialism; rise of the middle class
classical liberalism, limited government/social contract
Marquis de Condorcet's Progress of the Human Mind
We are the world, we are the children, we are the ones to make a better place, so let's start giving...

3. 3 Forces of Change
Cultural
Economic
Population

4. Cultural Forces for Change
Enlightened thinkers like Locke, Rousseau, Montesquieu, and others challenge theory of absolute monarchy
Calls for religious freedom after centuries of violence
People resent aristocratic privilege, argue for the equality of all men
Believe in popular consent of government.

5. Economic Forces for Change
New age of commerce, less agrarian, leads to new wealth
Rising middle class wishes to participate in political affairs and use government to promote their interests

6. Population Increase and Change
Enormous population growth. (Health teachers not doing their jobs?)
, French population increases by 50% (ooh-la-la!)
British and Prussian (Northeast Germany) up by 100%! (Guten tag? Ja!)
Reasons:
better management of disease-bearing animals (Charlie Sheen?)
Better nutrition because of...the potato (Ireland will rise and fall by the spud)
These mean that more people live to adulthood. Prior to 1740: 40% die before age 2. By 1780's, it's down to 33%.
More adults=more children (for reasons we shall not discuss...)

7. Consequences of Population Increase
Higher demand for food, so unless there's an increase in supply, prices increase.
Upper class families tighten grip on what seems like fewer church and political offices, primogeniture rules complicate matters.
Less opportunity to inherit property drives people to cities and the urban "working class"

8. Proto-industrialization
Manufacturing jobs increase because of increased demand and glut in labor supply; laborers work at home and distribute to urban merchants (aka "Cottage Industry")
Urban dwellers less likely to own property
Working for wages instead of for oneself, not ideal
Increased consumer interest in new fashions
Out-of-wedlock births increase 10%
Children less supervised by parents.

9. How Revolutionary Was the American Revolution?
Magna Carta, English Civil War, Glorious Revolution: resisting tyranny was not revolutionary to Brits, it was typical.
Effect of Salutary Neglect.
Resentment of taxes and regulations post No representation, so...
Declaration of Independence: Locke's Second Treatise on Government
Led by upper class, but not nobles.
Once independence achieved, only white property owners enfranchised. Slavery still existed in all 13 original states.

10. America's Debt to the Enlightenment
Classical Republicanism
Federalism
Checks and Balances
Constitution of 1789 and Bill of Rights guarantees individual liberties and limited government

11. Setting the Stage for the French Revolution
Many enlightenment thinkers (philosophes) were French, but France still an absolute monarchy; Louis XVI largely inept.
Excessive power of the Catholic Church
Aristocratic excess despite widespread suffering ("Then let them eat cake.")
The French had fought for American independence...

12. The Summer of '89 Parisian street riots.
Middle-class discontented (lack of voice)
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen: (see your readings)
July 14: Bastille Day
Peasants attack manors, seize titles and claim lands.
Church property seized.
New constitution establishes individual rights such as religion, press, and property; new parliament limits King's power.

13. Radical Revolution
The American Revolution sought to preserve American society and mores from the period of salutary neglect; the French Revolution will seek to alter society and mores.
The British, Prussian, and Austrian monarchies fear the events in France and make war. French radicals take over in the turmoil.
Radicals abolish the monarchy and execute the king and queen.
"Reign of Terror": aristocrats and other opponents keep the guillotine working overtime.

14. Maximilian Robespierre
Young lawyer inspired by Enlightenment, especially Jean Jacques Rousseau
Led Louis XVI's prosecution and took over after the execution.
1794, sets up "Cult of the Supreme Being" to replace Catholicism
Pushes a new constitution and universal manhood suffrage; abolition of slavery in the colonies; universal military conscription.
Ignoring social reforms for the urban poor and persecution of moderates undercuts his support.
Arrested and guillotined on the same day. He who lives by the guillotine...

15. New French Nationalism and Napoleon
Increased military service increases military victories and begins the process of spreading the revolution.
1799: Napoleon Bonaparte takes control. The revolution dies, in a way, as he becomes emperor.
Napoleon forces parliament to approve his bidding, uses secret police to limit expression.
Affirms equality of MEN and establishes state-sponsored schools to train his bureaucracy (sounds Chinese to me)
Invades practically every kingdom in Europe. French Naval defeats save Britain, but French soldiers make it as far as Moscow.
Oh, about invading Russia...

16. Napoleon's Decline
Russian resistance in the east and British pressure in the west reduces Napoleon's Grand Army. He's exiled to Elba, returns and loses Waterloo to the British and Prussians.
He dies in exile but managed to spread idea of equality and undermined Church and Aristocracy.
French invasions heightened nationalism elsewhere, especially Italy and Germany.

17. The Congress of Vienna: Undoing What Cannot Be Undone
1815: reactionary task to restore monarchies and the European Balance of Power.
Gains for Prussia, Britain, and Russia.
Relative peace between countries for a half-century, but internal issues remained.
Classical liberalism continued to promote limited government and better education opportunities for the middle class.
Radicals push for direct democracy, some for socialism (to be discussed when we get to the Industrial Revolution).

18. More Revolts 1820: Greeks against Ottomans; internal problems in Spain
1830: French replace the Bourbon king with Louis-Phillipe, who promises liberal reforms, including a permanent parliament and religious freedom, even for Jews; Italian and German urban revolts (unsuccessful); Belgium (successful-- independence AND a liberal monarchy to share power with a parliament)
USA: by 1828, universal white manhood suffrage; Jacksonian Era
Great Britain: Reform Bill of most middle-class men can vote for parliament.

19. Jean-Paul Marat
"Five or six hundred heads would have guaranteed your freedom and happiness but a false humanity has restrained your arms and stopped your blows. If you don’t strike now, millions of your brothers will die, your enemies will triumph and your blood will flood the streets. They'll slit your throats without mercy and disembowel your wives. And their bloody hands will rip out your children’s entrails to erase your love of liberty forever."

20. Jean-Paul Marat
"I propose that the Convention shall decree complete freedom in the expression of opinion, so that I may send to the scaffold the faction [Gironde] that voted for my impeachment."

21. Maximilien Robespierre
"Pity is treason."
"Terror is only justice: prompt, severe and inflexible; it is then an emanation of virtue; it is less a distinct principle than a natural consequence of the general principle of democracy, applied to the most pressing wants of the country.
Maximilien Robespierre

22. Maximilien Robespierre
"We must smother the internal and external enemies of the Republic or perish with it; now in this situation, the first maxim of your policy ought to be to lead the people by reason and the people's enemies by terror."

23. Napoleon Bonaparte "A constitution should be short and obscure."
"Four hostile newspapers are more to be feared than a thousand bayonets."
"I am the successor, not of Louis XVI, but of Charlemagne."
"Women are nothing but machines for producing children."

24. Napoleon Bonaparte
"Je suis plus haute que Battaglia!"

25. Napoleon Dynamite
"Yeah, there's like a butt-load of gangs at this school. This one gang kept wanting me to join 'cause I'm pretty good with a bo staff."