1. The Immune System

3. Introduction…
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4. David Vetter – “The Boy in the Plastic Bubble”

5. Severe Combine Immune Deficiency Syndrome
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6. 3 Lines of Defence
Physical: skin and mucus membranes form a barrier to bacteria and viruses. The pH is acidic, to inhibit growth of microbes. Lysozyme kills microbes (found in tears, saliva, mucus, perspiration). Cilia move particles away from entry points of the body.
White blood cells (leukocytes): involved once the pathogen has entered the body. Produced in the bone marrow.
Immune Response – Antibodies…Specific

7. Non-Specific Response
macrophages ingest foreign materials by phagocytosis
neutrophils are attracted to damaged cells and engulf microbes
pus forms (a combination of remaining protein fragments, dead WBCs, digested invaders)
tissue damage causes swelling, redness, heat, pain
fever (hypothalamus resets body temperature to about 40 C)

8. Types of Cells… Stem cells (in bone marrow) make the following:
megakaryocyte- forms platelets
monocytes- form macrophages
WBCs: eosinophil, neutrophil, basophil
RBCs
T cells: signal attack
B cells: produce chemical weapons (antibodies)

9. Antibodies
Y-shaped proteins that target invaders (specific). Match to the antigen marker on the membrane of foreign cells. Make the invader more easily destroyed by the macrophages. Can interfere with attachment of toxins and poisons to body cells.
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10. Immune Response T cells scout the body
Macrophages engulf the invaders, but do not destroy the antigen markers
Helper T cells read the antigen’s shape and release a messenger (lymphokine)
Message sent to B cells to divide
B cells release antibodies
Helper T cells activate Killer T cells to puncture cell membranes of infected body cells and mutated cells
Suppressor T cells signals the immune system to slow and stop when the battle has been won.
Phagocytes clean debris
Memory B cells remain in the body, retaining the imprint of the antigen in case of reinfection.

12. Malfunctions…
See sheet!!
Homework P 472 Q1-4