1. Engleski jezik struke 3
23/05/2018

2. Essay writing

3. Question: what is the purpose of our essay?
Compare & contrast: point out the similarities and the differences between two given items, but without taking sides
- COMPARATIVE & CONTRASTIVE ESSAY
Describe: give a detailed account of, outline, elaborate, interpret
- DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY
Justify & defend: provide a body of evidence to support your ideas and points of view. In order to present a balanced argument, consider opinions which may run contrary to your own before stating your conclusion.
- ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY

4. Comparative, descriptive or argumentative essay?
Nuclear Power vs. Solar Power
Your first day as a student
Is cheating in sports games out of control?
Performing in front of a crowd
Does age matter in relationships?
Childhood vs. Adulthood
Coffee vs. an Energy Drink
Can graffitti be viewed as art?
The ethics of animal testing

5. General essay structure
I GETTING STARTED
Organize time
Analyze essay title (compare, contrast, defend, describe?)
Brainstorm and organize ideas (e.g. spidergram)

6. Brainstorming

7. Managing and organizing the information

8. GETTING DOWN TO WRITING
1 PARAGRAPH = 1 MAIN IDEA + SEVERAL SUPPORTING DETAILS

9. INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF A PARAGRAPH
introduce the paragraph's main point (TOPIC SENTENCE);
develop and support the point;
show the significance of the point made.

10. Internal structure of a paragraph (example)

11. Introduction to a paragraph: topic sentence
- identifies the purpose of the paragraph
- shows the place the paragraph has in the structure of the essay as a whole

12. Topic sentence: practice 1
Read the paragraph and choose the most appropriate topic sentence.
________________________________________ . First of all, we need money to repair old roads and build new roads. We also need more to pay teachers’ salaries and to pay for services such as trash collection. Finally, more tax money is needed to give financial help to the poor citizens of the city. It is clear that the city will have serious problems if taxes are not raised soon.
a) We should raise city taxes.
b) City taxes are too high.
c) City taxes pay for new roads.

13. Topic sentence: practice 2
Read the paragraph and write the topic sentence.
BENEFITS OF READING TO CHILDREN   
_________________________________________________Smith and Brown (2010) explain that this helps them to read at a later stage because it helps them to see the association between words on the page and language. It should also help infants to view books and reading as a positive experience because ‘story-time’ is usually a cosy, one-to-one experience between a parent and child.

14. Topic sentence: practice 2
FACTORS OF SUCCESS AT UNIVERSITY   
_________________________________________________The most important factor is a student's past experience of study. If a student has already developed good study habits, study at university should not be difficult. Good study habits need to be complemented by interest and motivation, factors which are important when competition gets tough. We should however not underestimate the distracting effects of financial and personal difficulties. All students have to grapple with these at some stage of their university life. Beyond the personal factors it has to be said that there is also a certain element of luck involved in success: this includes finding excellent teachers and the subject matter that inspires one to give one's best.

15. Development of a paragraph
The body of the paragraph should develop the idea that has been introduced at the beginning of the paragraph. This can be done by:
redefining the idea;
giving examples;
commenting on evidence;
showing implications or consequences;
examining opposing ideas.

16. Recognizing supporting sentences
Underline supporting sentences:
Vegetables and fruits are an important part of a healthy diet. First, fruits and vegetables are packed with the vitamins and minerals you need to keep your body functioning smoothly. In addition, they give you the carbohydrates you need for energy. Fruits and vegetables have lots of fiber to help your digestive system work properly. Finally, many scientists believe that the nutrients in fruits and vegetables can help fight diseases. If you eat a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, you’ll be on the road to better health.

17. Recognizing supporting sentences – KEY
Underline supporting sentences:
Vegetables and fruits are an important part of a healthy diet. First, fruits and vegetables are packed with the vitamins and minerals you need to keep your body functioning smoothly. In addition, they give you the carbohydrates you need for energy. Fruits and vegetables have lots of fiber to help your digestive system work properly. Finally, many scientists believe that the nutrients in fruits and vegetables can help fight diseases. If you eat a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, you’ll be on the road to better health.

18. Development of a paragraph: practice 2
You are given a topic sentence and two supporting ideas. Suggest two further points to support the topic sentence.
THERE ARE MANY REASONS WHY STUDENTS PANIC DURING FINAL EXAMS.
The possible reasons are:
 not being prepared
information overload
________________________

19. Conclusion of a paragraph
- shows the significance of the point
- links back to the beginning of the paragraph,
- comments on the implications of the point as a whole, or
- makes a link to the next paragraph

20. Closing sentence: practice 1
Choose the best closing sentence for the given paragraph:
Thousands of new people are born on our planet every day. The number of inhabitants in the world has already reached over six billion. If the present growth rate remains unchecked, the world may soon face wide-spread starvation, poverty, and serious health problems.______________________
The rapid growth of the world's human population is the most important problem the world needs to address.
One of the burning issues is the population explosion in third world countries.
Therefore, it is predicted that the world will face serious health problems in the near future.

21. Closing sentence: practice 2
Suggest the best closing: Canada is one of the best countries in the world to live in. First, Canada has an excellent health care system. All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable price. Second, Canada has a high standard of education. Students are taught by well‐trained teachers and are encouraged to continue studying at university. Finally, Canada's cities are clean and efficiently managed. Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space for people to live. ___________________________________________.

22. Linking and transition words

23. Linking words: DESCRIBING CONTRAST on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast, in reality, but, instead, whereas, however, nevertheless, despite this
STATEMENT
CONTRAST
There is very strong evidence that the universe began around 13.7 billion years ago.
Some religious fundamentalists believe that the world was created on October 22, 4004 BC.
Current thinking claims that fructose is not harmful to the health.
Fructose is a poison. We prove that it can be classified as deleterious to the health in the same way as tobbaco, and ethanol in alcohol.
The Celts were a dominant power in Europe around 50 BPE [ before present era] and traded with the Greeks and Romans.
Greek and Roman culture had little influence on the Celtic civilization.
Centipedes are hunters.
Millipedes are herbivores.

24. Linking words: MAKING EVALUATIONS although, though, despite the fact that, nevertheless, on the other hand, but, instead
Write one advantage (pro) and one disadvantage (con) for each of the topics below. Then connect your two phrases together.
A) MARRIAGE
B) VEGETARIANISM
C) SPACE RESEARCH

25. LINKING WORDS: DESCRIBING CAUSES because, due to, as a result of, consequently, thus, this means that
Write a possible cause for the following:
The low birth rate in Western Europe.
The massive success of social networks.
The lower attention span of young people today compared to 30 years
ago.

26. LINKING WORDS: DESCRIBING CONSEQUENCES thus, consequently, therefore, so
Write a possible consequence for the following:
Footballers being paid huge quantities of money.
Countries relying on nuclear power for their energy.
Corruption amongst politicians.

27. CONNECT THE IDEAS IN THE THREE COLUMNS although, though, but, despite this, however, nevertheless, which
POSITIVE / NEUTRAL POINT
NEGATIVE POINT
DESPITE THIS
English is the language of research.
Difficult to understand the spoken language for non natives.
Relatively easy to learn compared to Chinese, Russian, German.
Free online journals.
Author often has to pay a fee to the journal.
Rapid publication of results. Easily accessible.
There is an abundance of Master’s courses.
High cost + often only used to gain extra points in order to obtain research position.
Number and type of
courses increasing every
year.

28. Finishing touches: EDITING
Edit the text for:
- mistakes in grammar, punctuation, spelling, capitalization etc.
- paragraph structure
- adherence to the overall topic of the essay
- language ( simple, no contractions, slang, etc.)
……..

29. Editing: read and correct the following paragraph
My sister's home on Jefferson Street is terrably noisey. Every five minutes or so a monster jet takes off from the nearby airport and its screeching silences everyone until it passes overhead. So many people travel these days that its difficult to get tickets for certain flights. I'D like to go too Colorado for the summer. Then, too, their is the noise from the heavy traffic in front of the house. I wish they would get a new shopping center for this area. Last and worst, there is the noise from the bulldozing for the new apartment building project in back of my sisters house. You can believe it. My sisters home is a noisy place.

30. ANALYSIS the paragraph lacks unity
contains several sentences which fail to support the controlling idea expressed in the topic sentence, "My sister's home on Jefferson Street is terribly noisy.“
four different topics: the noisy home, extensive travel, desire to go to Colorado, and a new shopping center.
each topic could be developed into a paragraph
mistakes in second person usage, spelling, and punctuation

31. Correction
My sister's home on Jefferson Street is terribly noisy. Every five minutes or so, a monster jet takes off from the nearby airport, and its screeching silences everyone until it has passed. Then, too, there is the noise from the heavy traffic in front of the house. Last and worst is the noise from the bulldozing for the apartment complex in the back of her house. My sister's home is definitely a noisy place.