1. Unit Five: Chapter 21 • assiduous • fallacious • caustic • hypocrisy
• chastise • insurgent
• elucidate • placid
• exalt • trite
Page 120 in textbook.

2. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 1 assiduous – adjective Assiduous means
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
1 assiduous
– adjective
• Our dog is an assiduous chewer. If we give him an old leather shoe, he will spend hours gnawing at it until he reduces it to a pile of scraps.
• Because Rafael has been an assiduous student this term, he will probably earn all A’s.
Assiduous means
A. uncaring.
B. hard-working.
C. peaceful.
Page 120 in textbook.
Answer: B
The next slide explains the answer.

3. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 1 assiduous – adjective Assiduous means
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
1 assiduous
– adjective
• Our dog is an assiduous chewer. If we give him an old leather shoe, he will spend hours gnawing at it until he reduces it to a pile of scraps.
• Because Rafael has been an assiduous student this term, he will probably earn all A’s.
Assiduous means
A. uncaring.
B. hard-working.
C. peaceful.
Page 120 in textbook.
If the dog spends hours gnawing leather until it’s a pile of small pieces, he must be a hard-working and thorough chewer. Students who are hard-working increase their likelihood of earning high grades.

4. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 2 caustic – adjective Caustic means A. sarcastic.
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
2 caustic
– adjective
• The writer Dorothy Parker was famous for her caustic wit. When she met a woman who had recently attempted suicide, Parker said, “Better luck next time.”
• Cassie must have had a bad day. When I asked her how she was, her reply was caustic: “Oh, I’m just wonderful; now, if you’ll excuse me, I’m going to lie down in the middle of traffic.”
Caustic means
A. sarcastic.
B. careful.
C. old-fashioned.
Page 120 in textbook.
Answer: A
The next slide explains the answer.

5. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 2 caustic – adjective Caustic means A. sarcastic.
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
2 caustic
– adjective
• The writer Dorothy Parker was famous for her caustic wit. When she met a woman who had recently attempted suicide, Parker said, “Better luck next time.”
• Cassie must have had a bad day. When I asked her how she was, her reply was caustic: “Oh, I’m just wonderful; now, if you’ll excuse me, I’m going to lie down in the middle of traffic.”
Caustic means
A. sarcastic.
B. careful.
C. old-fashioned.
Page 120 in textbook.
Parker was being sarcastic when she wished the woman good luck in her next attempt to kill herself. Cassie was being sarcastic when she said she felt both “wonderful” and suicidal.

6. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 3 chastise – verb Chastise means A. to admire.
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
3 chastise
– verb
• The officer did not give Joe a ticket, but he did chastise him for driving with a burned-out headlight.
• The newspaper story chastised several city landlords for renting out filthy, unsafe apartments to poor families.
Chastise means
A. to admire.
B. to criticize.
C. to fear.
Page 120 in textbook.
Answer: B
The next slide explains the answer.
Painting: Jehan Georges Vibert (1874)

7. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 3 chastise – verb Chastise means A. to admire.
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
3 chastise
– verb
• The officer did not give Joe a ticket, but he did chastise him for driving with a burned-out headlight.
• The newspaper story chastised several city landlords for renting out filthy, unsafe apartments to poor families.
Chastise means
A. to admire.
B. to criticize.
C. to fear.
Page 120 in textbook.
A police officer would be likely to criticize someone verbally for driving with only one headlight. A newspaper would be likely to criticize landlords who mistreat tenants who are poor.
Painting: Jehan Georges Vibert (1874)

8. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 4 elucidate – verb Elucidate means
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
4 elucidate
– verb
• To elucidate the stages of decision-making, the instructor drew a helpful chart on the chalkboard.
• When Mom told me her recipe for macaroni and cheese, I was only half listening. Later I asked her to elucidate some details, such as how much milk and flour to use.
Elucidate means
A. to understand.
B. to remember.
C. to make clear.
Page 120 in textbook.
Answer: C
The next slide explains the answer.
Photo: RegisFrey

9. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 4 elucidate – verb Elucidate means
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
4 elucidate
– verb
• To elucidate the stages of decision-making, the instructor drew a helpful chart on the chalkboard.
• When Mom told me her recipe for macaroni and cheese, I was only half listening. Later I asked her to elucidate some details, such as how much milk and flour to use.
Elucidate means
A. to understand.
B. to remember.
C. to make clear.
Page 120 in textbook.
The chart was helpful because it could make clear the stages of decision-making. Because the speaker was only half listening, later the mother had to make clear the details of the recipe.
Photo: RegisFrey

10. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 5 exalt – verb Exalt means A. to expect.
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
5 exalt
– verb
• Some high schools exalt student athletes, making it seem that winning games is the most important thing in life.
• LaToya loves Siamese cats; in fact, she exalts them above all other pets.
Exalt means
A. to expect.
B. to praise.
C. to accompany.
Page 120 in textbook.
Answer: B
The next slide explains the answer.
Painting: Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres (1827)

11. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 5 exalt – verb Exalt means A. to expect.
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
5 exalt
– verb
• Some high schools exalt student athletes, making it seem that winning games is the most important thing in life.
• LaToya loves Siamese cats; in fact, she exalts them above all other pets.
Exalt means
A. to expect.
B. to praise.
C. to accompany.
Page 120 in textbook.
Schools that view winning games as the most important thing in life would be likely to praise student athletes. Since LaToya loves Siamese cats, she would be likely to praise them above all other pets.
Painting: Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres (1827)

12. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 6 fallacious – adjective Fallacious means
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
6 fallacious
– adjective
• It would be fallacious to conclude that Norm and Lou are brothers just because they look alike. In fact, they’re not related at all.
• Jerry’s argument sounded good, but it was fallacious. He had based it on the wrong statistics.
Fallacious means
A. incorrect.
B. careful.
C. commonplace.
Page 120 in textbook.
Answer: A
The next slide explains the answer.

13. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 6 fallacious – adjective Fallacious means
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
6 fallacious
– adjective
• It would be fallacious to conclude that Norm and Lou are brothers just because they look alike. In fact, they’re not related at all.
• Jerry’s argument sounded good, but it was fallacious. He had based it on the wrong statistics.
Fallacious means
A. incorrect.
B. careful.
C. commonplace.
Page 120 in textbook.
The fact that Norm and Lou are not related is contrasted with the incorrect conclusion that they are brothers. Since Jerry’s argument was based on the wrong statistics, it was incorrect.

14. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 7 hypocrisy – noun Hypocrisy means A. falseness.
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
7 hypocrisy
– noun
• That candidate is guilty of hypocrisy. He promised to run a clean campaign, but all he’s done so far is call his opponent names and tell lies about her.
• In order to avoid hypocrisy, simply remember the old saying, “Practice what you preach.”
Hypocrisy means
A. falseness.
B. honesty.
C. prejudice.
Page 121 in textbook.
Answer: A
The next slide explains the answer.

15. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 7 hypocrisy – noun Hypocrisy means A. falseness.
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
7 hypocrisy
– noun
• That candidate is guilty of hypocrisy. He promised to run a clean campaign, but all he’s done so far is call his opponent names and tell lies about her.
• In order to avoid hypocrisy, simply remember the old saying, “Practice what you preach.”
Hypocrisy means
A. falseness.
B. honesty.
C. prejudice.
Page 121 in textbook.
The candidate’s falseness is revealed by the contrast between his promise to run a clean campaign and his actual use of dirty tactics. You can avoid falseness if what you “practice,” or do, is consistent with what you “preach,” or advise, others to do.

16. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 8 insurgent – noun Insurgent means A. a rebel.
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
8 insurgent
– noun
• “If I lived under a dictatorship,” Carmen confessed, “I think I would just keep quiet and try to stay out of trouble. I don’t have the soul of an insurgent.”
• As a young man, Uncle Kiril joined a group of insurgents. When their plot against the government was discovered, he had to flee for his life, and that’s how he came to America.
Insurgent means
A. a rebel.
B. an elected official.
C. a candidate.
Page 121 in textbook.
Answer: A
The next slide explains the answer.
Photo: U.S. Army-1st Lt. Paul O'Leary

17. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 8 insurgent – noun Insurgent means A. a rebel.
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
8 insurgent
– noun
• “If I lived under a dictatorship,” Carmen confessed, “I think I would just keep quiet and try to stay out of trouble. I don’t have the soul of an insurgent.”
• As a young man, Uncle Kiril joined a group of insurgents. When their plot against the government was discovered, he had to flee for his life, and that’s how he came to America.
Insurgent means
A. a rebel.
B. an elected official.
C. a candidate.
Page 121 in textbook.
Keeping quiet and not challenging a dictator’s authority is contrasted with being a rebel. If Uncle Kiril’s group plotted against the government, they were rebels.
Photo: cjb

18. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 9 placid – adjective Placid means A. tense.
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
9 placid
– adjective
• Jack and Cindy’s first baby was restless and fussy, but their second baby was happy and placid.
• The two women who were waiting to hear if they had passed their driving test were very different. One was pacing up and down, a bundle of nerves, while the other was quietly reading a magazine and seemed quite placid.
Placid means
A. tense.
B. untroubled.
C. sad.
Page 121 in textbook.
Answer: B
The next slide explains the answer.
Photo (right): Heinz Albers

19. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 9 placid – adjective Placid means A. tense.
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
9 placid
– adjective
• Jack and Cindy’s first baby was restless and fussy, but their second baby was happy and placid.
• The two women who were waiting to hear if they had passed their driving test were very different. One was pacing up and down, a bundle of nerves, while the other was quietly reading a magazine and seemed quite placid.
Placid means
A. tense.
B. untroubled.
C. sad.
Page 121 in textbook.
A restless and fussy baby is contrasted with one that is happy and untroubled. A nervously pacing woman is contrasted with one that is quiet and untroubled.
Photo (right): Heinz Albers

20. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 10 trite – adjective Trite means
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
10 trite
– adjective
• “Trite but true—I love you!” was the poem accompanying the bouquet of roses.
• Tired of the trite expression “Have a nice day,” Betty bought a T-shirt that said: “Don’t tell me what kind of day to have.”
Trite means
A. misunderstood.
B. original.
C. worn-out.
Page 121 in textbook.
Answer: C
The next slide explains the answer.

21. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 10 trite – adjective Trite means
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
10 trite
– adjective
• “Trite but true—I love you!” was the poem accompanying the bouquet of roses.
• Tired of the trite expression “Have a nice day,” Betty bought a T-shirt that said: “Don’t tell me what kind of day to have.”
Trite means
A. misunderstood.
B. original.
C. worn-out.
Page 121 in textbook.
Some people might think that offering a bouquet of roses is an overused and worn-out way to say, “I love you,” but many people still appreciate the gesture. The expression “Have a nice day” has become worn-out by mindless overuse.

22. SENTENCE CHECK 1
Complete each item with the correct word from the box.
A. assiduous B. caustic C. chastise
D. elucidate
E. exalt
F. fallacious G. hypocrisy H. insurgent
I. placid
J. trite
1. A good teacher can criticize her students’ work without being ________; in other words, she does not attack the students with stinging sarcasm.
2. The police officer ________(e)d the driver for not wearing a seat belt.
Page 122 in textbook.
Answers: 1. caustic; 2. chastise
The next slide explains the answers.

23. SENTENCE CHECK 1
Complete each item with the correct word from the box.
A. assiduous B. caustic C. chastise
D. elucidate
E. exalt
F. fallacious G. hypocrisy H. insurgent
I. placid
J. trite
1. A good teacher can criticize her students’ work without being ________; in other words, she does not attack the students with stinging sarcasm.
caustic
Teachers who criticize with stinging sarcasm would be bitingly sarcastic.
2. The police officer __________ the driver for not wearing a seat belt.
chastised
Page 122 in textbook.
A police officer would be likely to sharply scold a driver for not wearing a seat belt.

24. SENTENCE CHECK 1
Complete each item with the correct word from the box.
A. assiduous B. caustic C. chastise
D. elucidate
E. exalt
F. fallacious G. hypocrisy H. insurgent
I. placid
J. trite
3. Some _________s in the history class marched into the instructor’s office and demanded an end to surprise quizzes. The instructor did not lose her composure°; she just laughed and told them to get back to their books.
4. The boys who washed the windows did such a(n) _________ job that they didn’t leave a single speck of dust.
Page 122 in textbook.
Answers: 3. insurgent; 4. assiduous; 5. trite
The next slide explains the answers.
5. _________ expressions weaken a paper. One expert on writing even advises that if you have ever seen a phrase in print before, don’t use it.

25. SENTENCE CHECK 1
Complete each item with the correct word from the box.
A. assiduous B. caustic C. chastise
D. elucidate
E. exalt
F. fallacious G. hypocrisy H. insurgent
I. placid
J. trite
3. Some _________ in the history class marched into the instructor’s office and demanded an end to surprise quizzes. The instructor did not lose her composure°; she just laughed and told them to get back to their books.
insurgents
They “revolted” against established authority by marching in with demands.
4. The boys who washed the windows did such an __________ job that they didn’t leave a single speck of dust.
assiduous
Page 122 in textbook.
Only careful, thorough, diligent work would not leave a single speck of dust.
5. _________ expressions weaken a paper. One expert on writing even advises that if you have ever seen a phrase in print before, don’t use it.
Trite
Overused, commonplace, and stale expressions are phrases that have previously appeared in print—not just once, but repeatedly.

26. SENTENCE CHECK 1
Complete each item with the correct word from the box.
A. assiduous B. caustic C. chastise
D. elucidate
E. exalt
F. fallacious G. hypocrisy H. insurgent
I. placid
J. trite
6. We assumed that Route 58 connects with Route 59. Unfortunately, our reasoning was _________; the two roads are nowhere near each other.
7. As our class discussed immigration reform, I found it hard to _________ my opinion. I think that the current laws are wrong, but I can’t say exactly why.
Page 122 in textbook.
Answers: 6. fallacious; 7. elucidate
The next slide explains the answers.

27. SENTENCE CHECK 1
Complete each item with the correct word from the box.
A. assiduous B. caustic C. chastise
D. elucidate
E. exalt
F. fallacious G. hypocrisy H. insurgent
I. placid
J. trite
6. We assumed that Route 58 connects with Route 59. Unfortunately, our reasoning was _________; the two roads are nowhere near each other.
fallacious
Their reasoning was mistaken since the two roads never intersected.
7. As our class discussed immigration reform, I found it hard to _________ my opinion. I think that the current laws are wrong, but I can’t say exactly why.
elucidate
Page 122 in textbook.
It is hard to explain or clarify one’s opinion if one can’t say exactly why one holds a particular belief.

28. SENTENCE CHECK 1
Complete each item with the correct word from the box.
A. assiduous B. caustic C. chastise
D. elucidate
E. exalt
F. fallacious G. hypocrisy H. insurgent
I. placid
J. trite
8. It took all my self-control to look ________ during the job interview. Inside I was nervous and excited.
9. Shelly’s ________ bothers me. She pretends to be very fond of her brother’s girlfriend, but then she insults and defames° the poor girl behind her back.
Page 122 in textbook.
Answers: 8. placid; 9. hypocrisy; 10. exalt
The next slide explains the answers.
10. Because Ralph wants his daughter to go to the state university, he ________s it above all other schools whenever they discuss colleges.

29. SENTENCE CHECK 1
Complete each item with the correct word from the box.
A. assiduous B. caustic C. chastise
D. elucidate
E. exalt
F. fallacious G. hypocrisy H. insurgent
I. placid
J. trite
8. It took all my self-control to look ________ during the job interview. Inside I was nervous and excited.
placid
Feeling nervous and excited is contrasted with looking peaceful and calm.
9. Shelly’s ________ bothers me. She pretends to be very fond of her brother’s girlfriend, but then she insults and defames° the poor girl behind her back.
hypocrisy
Page 122 in textbook.
She shows insincerity by pretending fondness that she does not possess.
10. Because Ralph wants his daughter to go to the state university, he ________ it above all other schools whenever they discuss colleges.
exalts
He glorifies his favorite college so his daughter will want to attend it.