1. The endocrine system
内分泌系统

2. The endocrin system 内分泌系统
The general description
Composition
endocrine glands 内分泌器官
(ductless glands 无管腺)
have no ducts, their secretions (hormone 激素) release directly into circulation and trave to its target organs
endocrine tissue 内分泌组织
The endocrine system is an important another regulating and intergrative system besides the nervous system.

3. endocrine glands 内分泌器官
The endocrine glands include :
hypophysis垂体、
thyroid gland甲状腺、
parathyroid gland 甲状旁腺、
suprarenal gland 肾上腺、
pineal body 松果体、
thymus 胸腺
The endocrine tissues lie in the pancreas ( pancreatic islets胰岛)and the ovary and testis.

4. 一、 hypophysis垂体 1、position：
situated in the hypophyseal fossa of the body of the sphenoid bone;
connected to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum.
一、 hypophysis垂体
2、 division: it is divided into two parts:
Adenohypophysis 腺垂体 neurohypophysis 神经垂体

5. Anterior lobe Adenohypophysis 腺垂体 Posterior lobe Neurohypophysis 神经垂体
Pars distalis 远侧部
Pars tuberalis 结节部
Pars intermedia 中间部
Anterior lobe
Adenohypophysis
腺垂体
Posterior lobe
Pars nervous 神经部
Infundibular part 漏斗部
Median eminence 正中隆起
Neurohypophysis
神经垂体
infundibulum

6. 3、neighborhood Superior :
diaphragma sellae 鞍隔、 optic chiasma chiasmatic cistern 交叉池
Inferior ：sphenoid sinus
Lateral side:
cavernous sinus and the strunctures passing through it

7. Connect with hypothalamus 与下丘脑的联系

8. Function of hypophysis
Paraventricular nucleus
Supraoptic nucleus
Paraventriculohypophyseal tract
室旁垂体束
(vasopressin 加压素)
(oxytocin 催产素)
Supraopticohypophyseal trac 视上垂体束
生长激素
促甲状腺激素
促肾上腺激素
促性腺激素
posterior lobe of hypophysis

9. 1、division : 二、thyroid gland 甲状腺 right and left lobes
Isthmus峡部 : the median narrow part ,
pyramidal lobe 锥体叶：Sometimes present， extendes upwards from the isthmus.

10. 2、position： 二、thyroid gland 甲状腺
lies in the anterior neck region with one lobe on either side of lower larynx and upper part of the trachea.
The ishmus lies in front of the 2-4 tracheal cartilages.

11. Suspensory ligament of thyroid gland 甲状腺悬韧带
3、The coats of the thyroid glands 甲状腺的被膜 Inner layer: fibrous capsule 纤维囊（真被膜） External layer: thyroid sheath 甲状腺鞘（假被膜）
Suspensory ligament of thyroid gland 甲状腺悬韧带
4、relation: from superficial to deep:
Skin
Superficial fascia
superficial layer of cervical fascia
颈筋膜浅层
Infrahyoid muscles 舌骨下肌
pretracheal fascia 气管前筋膜

13. 三、parathyroid glands 甲状旁腺
they are 4 small yellowish ovoid bodies.
superior parathyroid glands: 上甲状旁腺：
lie at the junction of the middle and upper 1/3 of the posterior border of the thyroid gland ；
between the two capsules.
inferior parathyroid glands下甲状旁腺：
lie in the lower end of thyroid glands and close to the inferior thyroid artery

14. 三、parathyroid glands 甲状旁腺
Function:
they regulate the metablism of the calcium钙 and phosphate磷 which are needed by all cells.

15. 四、suprarenal galnd 肾上腺
Position and shape:
Position: lie on the medial part of the upper end of each kidney ；
enclosed by the renal fascia.；
Shape: the right is crescent- like shape
the left one is triangular.
Division:
the suprarenal gland may be divided into two parts:

16. cortex 肾上腺皮质: medulla 肾上腺髓质： 四、suprarenal galnd 肾上腺
secrets numbers of steroid hormones 类固醇激素，maintain the electrolytic balance and carbohydrorate metabolism.
epinephrine 肾上腺素 norepinephrine 去甲肾上腺素

17. 五、 The pineal body 松果体 lies on the supero-posterior to the dorsal thalamus； connect to the posterior of the roof of third ventricle.
松果体可分泌褪黑素melatonin等多种活性物质----调节生殖系统的发育和月经周期。

18. 六、thymus 胸腺
position: the thymus lies in the anterior part of the superior madiastinum, anterosuperior to the pericardium.

19. 六、thymus 胸腺
function:
the thymus is an important organ of the immune system and secrete a hormone,the lymphopoietin(胸腺素和促胸腺生成素)，that stimulates the develoment of lymphocytes .

20. 七、 pancreatic islets 胰岛 lie within the pancreas and is called islets of Langerhans , they secrete insulin（胰岛素）
regulate the blood sugar level.
八、 ovary
The ovarian follicle 卵泡 and the corpus luteum 黄体are the endocrine tissue of the ovary.
hormons: estrogen 雌激素
progesterone 孕酮

21. 九、testis
the interstitial tissue of the testis produce the testosterone 睾酮 : responsible for the development of the male secondary sexual characteristics.