1. Chapter 15 – Manifest Destiny and the Growing Nation
How justifiable was U.S. expansion in the 1800s?

2. Preview

4. 15.2 – The Louisiana Purchase
The Mighty Mississippi was a lifeline for farmers in the early 1800s
They would float their crops down to New Orleans, and from there send them to Europe or the East Coast

5. Louisiana
Given to Spain after the French and Indian War, it was returned to France when Napoleon convinced Spain to return the territory.
Napoleon had grand plans for the territory
Create farms & use the food for slaves in the Caribbean sugar plantations
His plans alarmed American settlers, who worried that the New Orleans port might be closed to them at some point

6. “A Nobel Bargain” Jefferson sent James Monroe buy New Orleans
By the time he got there, things had changed
There was a slave revolt in Haiti
France was on the brink of war with Britain
Yes… again
Napoleon no longer needed New Orleans, or any other part of the territory, so he offered it all up for $15 million!!

7. Yes, all of this!! WHOA!

8. The Purchase Debate What a bargain! There were opponents and critics
2-3 cents per acre!!
There were opponents and critics
“We have too much land!”
“Jefferson is tearing up the Constitution!”
“He pushed me!”
Oh, not that last one…
In 1803, the Senate backed Jefferson’s purchase to secure the western territory! 

10. 15.3 – Florida
Once they had the Louisiana Territory, Jefferson set his eyes on purchasing Florida from Spain to put an end to the conflicts and raids.
Spain said, “no!” (which is Spanish for… no)
American response
“Take it by force!”
“My slaves keep running away.”
“The Indians keep attacking my land!”
“He hit me!”

11. Andrew Jackson Invades Florida
In 1818, Jackson was sent by President Monroe to end the raids. Instead of following orders, he INVADED the Spanish colony, captured every military post, and installed an American governor.
Spain = not happy
Called for Jackson to be punished for his illegal invasion

12. “Govern or Get Out”
Every member of Monroe’s cabinet said to dump Jackson and apologize to Spain.
All but one that is…
John Quincy Adams convinced Monroe to send a message to Spain – either govern Florida, or leave
Afraid of war, Spain abandoned Florida!
We just had to pay off some debts
Spain was promised Texas was theirs to keep
Muahahaha….

13. 15.4 – Texas Americans Come to Texas
Moses & Stephen Austin paved the way for American settlers, and with Spain’s permission, they set up a colony

14. Rising Tensions
The American colony was very successful, and tensions began to rise.
Mexico had outlawed slavery, yet colonists brought slaves
They were mad about Americans illegally immigrating to Texas
...
The Mexican government, fed up with the chaos, closed Texas from further American immigration

15. The Texans Rebel Americans didn’t like the decision
In 1835, after trying to negotiate, Texans rose up in revolt
General Santa Anna sent 6,000 troops to squash the rebellion

17. The Alamo
The army reached San Antonio, Texas, where 180 volunteers held up at an old mission, the Alamo.
For 12 days, Mexicans pounded the Alamo with cannonballs
Then the attack
They fought for 90 minutes, and it was done
The defenders were dead
Santa Anna saw it as a great victory
Texans were filled with rage, and vowed revenge

18. Texas Wins Its Independence
Sam Houston’s strategy for defeating Santa Anna was to lure him deep into Texas.
Cutoff from supplies, it was impossible for the Mexican general to keep his men battle-ready
It wasn’t popular, but it worked
Santa Anna didn’t expect Houston’s attack, and Texans overran their camp shouting “Remember the Alamo!”
Texas won its independence!

19. To Annex Texas or Not? Texas became know as the Lone Star Republic
However, many wanted to join the United States
For 10 years, the state was independent because there was so much controversy
Would it be a slave state?
North dreaded
South gleeful
Would it lead to war with Mexico?

20. James K. Polk, believer in Manifest Destiny, wanted to acquire Texas
James K. Polk, believer in Manifest Destiny, wanted to acquire Texas. After he was elected, Congress annexed Texas. Later, it was admitted as the 28th state.

22. 15.5 – Oregon Country
In 1819, the Oregon territory belonged to 4 countries
Russia
Agreed to land north of what is now the southern border of Alaska
Spain
Part of the treaty that gave us Florida ALSO made Spain give up this claim

23. Discovering Oregon Great Britain United States
What to do with Britain and the U.S.?
For now, “joint occupation” was the solution
Discovering Oregon
Lewis and Clark did discover much of Oregon during their adventure (we’ll cover that in Ch 16)

24. Oregon Fever Missionaries were the first settlers to travel through.
They were not successful at converting Indians, but they did bring back tales of rich, fertile land
In 1843, thousands packed their possessions in covered wagons, and headed west for a new start.
“Oregon Fever has broken out, and is now raging.”

26. All of Oregon or Half?
Annexing Texas and acquiring Oregon were key to the 1844 presidential campaign.
Polk won with slogans such as:
“All of Oregon or none!”
“Fifty-four forty or fight!”
Instead of fighting Britain for it, they designed a treaty, which marks the US/Canada border today
While he didn’t get all of the land, American and Britain proved that the pen was mightier than the sword.

28. 15.6 – War with Mexico

30. Chapter 16 – Life in the West
What were the motives, hardships, and legacies of the groups that moved west in the 1800s?

31. 16.2 – The Explorers

32. Thomas Jefferson hired Lewis and Clark to set out into the West.
Their public job was to make contact with the Native American tribes.
Their secret mission, which they chose to accept, was to find a “Northwest Passage”
A route to India, which is the whole reason America was “found” in the first place
Also, Jefferson wasn’t quite sure what he had purchased from Napoleon.

33. Up the Missouri River
The 45 member group left in May of 1804 from St. Louis, Missouri.
The Arch marks this spot today

34. The group rowed upstream, and by summer, reached Indian country
Most were welcoming, and fascinated by Clark’s slave York because they had never seen a black man before
In the winter, they camped in what is now North Dakota
Here they met and were joined by a French fur trapper and his wife, a Native American named Sacagawea.
She had been kidnapped from her people as a girl, so they hoped she’d be able to translate for them

35. To the Pacific and Back
In the spring 1805, they moved slowly through obstacles
Thorns and grizzly bears
They reached Sacagawea’s people, and she learned her brother was now a chief of the Shoshone people!
They made it over the Rockies… barely
The Indians saved them from starvation
December 3, 1805, they reached the Pacific Ocean

37. The Explorers’ Legacy
2 years and 4 months later, the explorers returned to St. Louis
Other explorers set out as well
Zebulon Pike (Pike’s Peak is named after him!) explored the southern part of the Louisiana Territory, and then down into the Spanish territory along the Rio Grande
John C. Fremont mapped the territory between the Mississippi Valley and Pacific Ocean in the 1840s

38. Crash Course #17

39. END