1. 25.3 – The Universe

2. Do Now
What is the name of our galaxy? What type of galaxy is it?

3. Do Now What is the name of our galaxy? What type of galaxy is it?
Milky Way and spiral galaxy

4. Key Word
Irregular

5. Vocab Words
Big Bang Theory
Galaxy
Galaxy Cluster
Hubble’s Law

6. The Universe
Galaxies are groups of stars, dust, and gases held together by gravity.
There may be more than 100 billion stars in the Milky Way galaxy alone.
Our galaxy looks milky because the solar system is located within a flat disk – the galactic disk.
We view it from the inside and see stars in every direction.

7. The Milky Way

8. The Milky Way Galaxy
When astronomers began to survey the stars located along the plane of the Milky Way, it appeared that equal numbers lay in every direction.
That doesn’t necessarily mean that the solar system is in the center, it’s just like walking into a forest a few feet, looking around and seeing trees in every direction; we aren’t in the center, just not on the edge.

9. Size of the Milky Way
It’s hard to study the Milky Way Galaxy with optical telescopes because large quantities of interstellar matter block our vision.
With the aid of radio telescopes, scientists have determined the structure of our galaxy.
The Milky Way is a large spiral galaxy whose disk is about 100,000 light-years wide and about 10,000 light-years thick at the nucleus.
As viewed from Earth, the center of the galaxy lies beyond the constellation Sagittarius.

10. Milky Way

11. Structure of the Milky Way
Radio telescopes reveal that the Milky Way has at least three distinct spiral arms, with some signs of splintering.
The sun is positioned in one of these arms about 2/3 of the way from the center, at a distance of about 30,000 light-years.
The stars in the arms of the Milky Way rotate around the galactic nucleus.
The most outward arms move the slowest, and the ends of the arms appear to trail behind.
Our solar system orbits the galactic nucleus about every 200 million years.
Surrounding the galactic disk is a nearly round halo made of thin gas and numerous clusters of stars.

12. Types of Galaxies
In the mid-1700s, German philosopher Immanuel Kant proposed the fuzzy patches of light scattered among the stars were actually distant galaxies like the Milky Way.
Today, we know that the universe includes hundreds of billions of galaxies, each containing hundreds of billions of stars.
Several basic types:
Spiral
Elliptical
Irregular
The big difference in addition to shape and size, is the age of the stars.

13. Types of Galaxies

14. Spiral Galaxies
Just like the Milky Way, spiral galaxies are usually disk-shaped, with a somewhat greater concentration of stars near their center.
Composed mainly of young (out in arms) and old stars (in the center).
The major difference between spiral galaxies is how the arms are situated in the galaxy.
Barred vs. Regular
Barred – stars arranged in the shape of a bar and the ends spiraling. Recent evidence shows us that the Milky Way may be a barred spiral galaxy.
10% of all galaxies are barred spiral
20% of all galaxies are regular spiral

15. Spiral Galaxies

16. Elliptical Galaxies
About 60% of all galaxies are classified as elliptical galaxies.
Contain old stars.
Range in shape from round to oval.
Most are small, but we have found some rather larger ones about 200,000 light-years in diameter.
There are no spiral arms in this type of galaxy.

17. Elliptical Galaxies

18. Irregular Galaxies Only 10% of all galaxies are irregular galaxies.
Composed mostly of young stars.
The best known irregular galaxies, the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, are easily seen without a telescope.
These were named after the explorer Ferdinand Magellan, who observed them when he sailed around the Earth in 1520.
They are our nearest neighbors at about 150,000 light-years away.

19. Irregular Galaxies

20. Galaxy Clusters
When we discovered that stars were found in groups, scientists began to think if it was possible for galaxies to be in groups as well.
These groups are called galaxy clusters.
Some may contain thousands of galaxies.
Our own cluster, the Local Group, contains at least 28 galaxies.
3 spiral, 11 irregular and 14 elliptical.
Galaxy clusters also make up huge groups called superclusters.
May be the largest entities in the universe.

21. Galaxy Clusters

22. The Expanding Universe
Remember from the Doppler effect, when a source is moving away, its light appears red.
Red Shift – discovery made in 1929 by Edwin Hubble. Basically uses the ideas of the Doppler Effect to explain how galaxies that have the greatest red shifts are the most distant. (indicates the universe is expanding as more and more galaxies have red shifts)
Hubble’s Law – States that galaxies are retreating from us at a speed that is proportional to their distance. This works with the red shift idea.

23. The Expanding Universe

24. The Big Bang
Any theory about the origin of the universe must account for the fact that all distant galaxies are moving away from us.
The concept of an expanding universe led to the widely accepted big bang theory.
According to this theory, the universe began as a violent explosion from which the universe continues to expand, evolve, and cool.
The big bang theory states that at one time, the entire universe was confined to a dense, hot supermassive ball. Then, about 13.7 billion years ago, a violent explosion occurred, hurling this matter in all directions.
Marks the beginning of the universe, all matter and space were created at that instant.

25. The Big Bang Theory

26. Supporting Evidence
Scientists have gathered substantial evidence that supports the Big Bang Theory.
The Red Shift of galaxies that you read about earlier indicates that the universe is still expanding.
Cosmic background radiation.

27. The Big Crunch?
There are many different views on how the universe will end.
It will last forever.
The outward expanding of galaxies will slow and eventually stop.
The reverse of the Big Bang, and it will be the big crunch where there will be gravitational contraction and the galaxies would begin to collapse.

28. Group Challenge Question
Imagine that you are scientists studying the birth of stars in a spiral galaxy. Which part of the galaxy would you study? Explain your answer.