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WHAT ARE THE INDIVISIBLES?

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Presentation on theme: "WHAT ARE THE INDIVISIBLES?"— Presentation transcript:

1 WHAT ARE THE INDIVISIBLES?

2

3 And now, a word from an old Greek dude…

4 Democritus

5 Democritus (460 BC – 370 BC)

6 Democritus (460 BC – 370 BC) G eia saz!

7 Now, let me see…

8 If I were to cut an object…

9 …say, a block of wood…

10 …into smaller and smaller pieces,

11 I think that…

12 …eventually…

13 …I will reach a point…

14 …where I can cut it no further.

15 And why do I think this?

16 Well, consider this…

17

18 Check this out…

19 To see the animation, click on the picture

20 Now..

21 …what if I could cut and cut…

22 …and cut and cut…

23 forever

24 ad infinitum

25 Oh, let’s just say a hell of a long time.

26 What would eventually happen?

27 Discuss it amongst yourselves…

28 I’ll wait.

29 I don’t have much to do, really.

30 I’m a head on a BOX!

31 Well…?

32 Did you come up with some ideas?

33 What did you come up with?

34 OK.

35 Now here’s what I think…

36 I believe there exists…

37 …at the smallest level…

38 …an INDIVISIBLE.

39 A thing that cannot be cut into smaller pieces.

40 ÁTOMOS, as we say in Greek.

41 If that were NOT the case…

42 …then, after cutting for an infinitely long time,

43 I would be left with nothing.

44 Zero.

45 Zilch.

46 Nada.

47 Since what I see around me…

48 …this MATERIAL world…

49 …cannot possibly be made out of…

50 NOTHING

51 …there MUST be a smallest thing!

52 An INDIVISIBLE.

53 INDIVISIBLES = ATOMS?

54 INDIVISIBLES = ATOMS? WRONG !! ✖

55 INDIVISIBLES = FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES?

56 INDIVISIBLES = FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES?
CORRECT ✔

57 A particle is said to be FUNDAMENTAL if it has no internal structure.
INDIVISIBLES = FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES? CORRECT ✔ A particle is said to be FUNDAMENTAL if it has no internal structure.

58 So how small is SMALL?

59

60 PIONEER 10

61

62

63

64 Hello

65 Hello Hi

66 You’re probably wondering why we’re standing here naked.

67 Hans, can you tell them?

68 Sure, Gloria

69 I would like the camera to zoom in…

70 …so I can show you something REALLY small…

71 …so I can show you something REALLY small…
!!!??

72 On my face. !!!??

73 On my face. Whew!

74 OK…

75 Begin!

76

77

78

79

80 Fruit fly: 3 mm (0.003 m)

81 Fruit fly: 3 mm (0.003 m)

82 Mites: 500 µm ( m)

83 Mites: 500 µm ( m)

84 Bacteria: 0.5 µm ( m)

85 Bacteria: 0.5 µm ( m)

86 Virus: 100 nm ( m)

87 Virus: 100 nm ( m)

88 Protein Molecule: 10 nm (0.00000001 m)

89 Protein Molecule: 10 nm (0.00000001 m)

90 String of Atoms: 2 nm ( m)

91 String of Atoms: 2 nm ( m)

92 Single Atom (NOT drawn to scale!!): 100 pm (0.0000000001 m)

93 Single Atom (NOT drawn to scale!!): 100 pm (0.0000000001 m)
proton 1 fm ( m)

94 Single Atom (NOT drawn to scale!!): 100 pm (0.0000000001 m)
proton 1 fm ( m) neutron 1 fm ( m)

95 Single Atom (NOT drawn to scale!!): 100 pm (0.0000000001 m)
electron < 1 am ( m) proton 1 fm ( m) neutron 1 fm ( m)

96 Proton

97 Proton ?

98 Proton ? ?

99 Proton ? ? ?

100 Neutron

101 Neutron ?

102 Neutron ? ?

103 Neutron ? ? ?

104 Up Quark & Down Quark: < 1 am (< 0.000000000000000001 m)

105 All of the visible matter in the Universe is made up of the following particles:

106 All of the visible matter in the Universe is made up of the following particles:
The electron (e-)

107 All of the visible matter in the Universe is made up of the following particles:
The electron (e-) The up quark (u)

108 All of the visible matter in the Universe is made up of the following particles:
The electron (e-) The up quark (u) The down quark (d)

109 All of the visible matter in the Universe is made up of the following particles:
The electron (e-) The up quark (u) The down quark (d) PLUS one more …

110 …the pesky little neutrino:

111 …the pesky little neutrino:
≈ 1 ym ( m) * * Neutrino size is energy-dependent. Stated size is for a 1 MeV particle

112 PARTICLES ARE EITHER:

113 (meaning they have no internal structure)
PARTICLES ARE EITHER: FUNDAMENTAL (meaning they have no internal structure)

114 (meaning they have no internal structure)
PARTICLES ARE EITHER: FUNDAMENTAL (meaning they have no internal structure) OR COMPOSITE (meaning they are composed of some combination of the fundamental particles)

115 (meaning they have no internal structure) OR COMPOSITE
PARTICLES ARE EITHER: FUNDAMENTAL (meaning they have no internal structure) OR COMPOSITE (meaning they are composed of some combination of the fundamental particles) THE ELECTRON, THE NEUTRINO AND THE QUARKS ARE FUNDAMENTAL.

116 (meaning they have no internal structure) OR COMPOSITE
PARTICLES ARE EITHER: FUNDAMENTAL (meaning they have no internal structure) OR COMPOSITE (meaning they are composed of some combination of the fundamental particles) THE ELECTRON, THE NEUTRINO AND THE QUARKS ARE FUNDAMENTAL. ATOMS, NUCLEI, PROTONS, AND NEUTRONS— THESE ARE ALL COMPOSITE.

117 THE SIMPLEST ATOM WE KNOW IS HYDROGEN.

118 4 FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES:
THE SIMPLEST ATOM WE KNOW IS HYDROGEN. IT IS COMPOSED OF 4 FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES:

119 ATOM THE SIMPLEST WE KNOW IS HYDROGEN. IT IS COMPOSED OF
4 FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES: THE ELECTRON + 2 UP QUARKS AND 1 DOWN QUARK

120 ATOM THE SIMPLEST WE KNOW IS HYDROGEN. IT IS COMPOSED OF
4 FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES: THE ELECTRON + 2 UP QUARKS AND 1 DOWN QUARK The quarks are bound in the composite particle called the PROTON.

121 zoo Yes. These 4 particles make up all of the visible matter in the Universe.

122 zoo Yes. These 4 particles make up all of the visible matter in the Universe. electron neutrino up quark down quark

123 And here’s some more information about these particles…
zoo Yes. These 4 particles make up all of the visible matter in the Universe. electron neutrino up quark down quark And here’s some more information about these particles…

124 NOTE: There are other fundamental matter particles, but it will not be necessary to deal with them for the purposes of this module. For instance, there are the force particles that transmit the four fundamental forces. In addition, there are particles that existed just after the Big Bang, but are now found only in cosmic rays or produced in particle accelerators (one of these particles will have a brief mention in the lesson on cosmic rays, “It Came From Outer Space”).

125

126 Now how was I supposed to know all that ??

127

128 Thanks, old Greek guy!

129 Thanks, old Greek guy! Say good-bye, Hans.

130 Good-bye, Hans. Say good-bye, Hans.

131 Good-bye, Hans. What an idiot.


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