1. The Road to War: Renewed Conflict with England & France

3. The War of 1812: Causes and Effects
Mr. Winchell APUSH
Period 4

4. The Embargo of 1807
When England & France resumed war in 1803 & violated U.S. neutrality, Jefferson approved the unpopular Embargo of 1807
To enforce the embargo, Jefferson contradicted his principles of individual liberty & weak gov’t:
He mobilized the military to enforce the blockade
He declared regions of NY (near Canada) in a state of insurrection 19

6. The Embargo of 1807
"Never did a prisoner, released from his chains, feel such relief as I shall on shaking off the shackles of power.'‘—TJ
For 15 months the embargo proved ineffective; Congress repealed the embargo in 1809
Jefferson’s decision to not run for a third term meant that these problems fell to his hand-picked successor, James Madison
In 1808, Madison was elected president & the Republicans maintained control of the gov’t
The embargo gained no political concessions from France or Britain
But it produced economic hardship, evasion of the law, & political dissension in America
just 3 days before Jefferson left office
In effect for 15 months,. But it had produced economic hardship, evasion of the law, and political dissension at home. :
Congress repealed the embargo just 3 days Jefferson left office

8. The Road to the War of 1812
The focus of Madison’s presidency was foreign policy:
In 1809, the Non-Intercourse Act promised the U.S. will resume trade with England & France once U.S. neutrality is respected
In 1810, Congress replaced this with Macon’s Bill #2 offering exclusive trade to whichever nation 1st honored U.S. neutrality
…but England continued to seize U.S. ships
Madison eagerly reopened trade with England
France agreed to end all trade restrictions (but never stopped seizing ships or impressing sailors) 21

9. The Drift to War “War Hawks” Young men from the South and the West.
Demanded war against Britain to acquire Canada and against Spain, to acquire Florida.
John C. Calhoun of South Carolina.
Henry Clay of Kentucky.

10. Territorial expansion v. maritime rights?
Causes of the War of 1812
1. Freedom of the seas.
2. American resentment of Britain.
3. American belief that the Brits in Canada were arming and encouraging the Indians.
4. American ambition to annex Canada and Florida.
Territorial expansion v. maritime rights?

11. Which region would have supported a declaration of war the most?
Patriotism surged as War Hawks claimed the War of 1812 the “Second American Revolution”
Madison eventually gave in & asked Congress for a declaration of war in June 1812
Americans in the West & South wanted war to gain Canada & Spanish Florida
NE Federalists thought war with Britain as a mistake: they feared the U.S. could not defeat England & a war would bankrupt the country
Most calls for war centered on British interference with U.S. trade rights.
"Free Trade & Sailors' Rights" was a popular battle cry
By 1810, War Hawks in Congress, led by Henry Clay (KY) & John C. Calhoun (SC), demanded war with England 23

12. The War of 1812

13. The War of 1812
‘A Western War with Eastern Labels’

14. The U.S. did not fare well against the better-trained British troops
War of 1812
The U.S. did not fare well against the better-trained British troops
Despite increased patriotism, the U.S. was unprepared for war:
Congress refused to raise taxes
The army was small & state militias were inadequate
The government was incapable of directing a full-scale war
The U.S. goal for the war was to attack British Canada & force England to respect U.S. rights
The U.S. navy was a little more successful but only because the bulk of British navy was still fighting Napoleon in Europe 24

15. In 1814, the British took the offensive in a 3-pronged attack
The American army under Andrew Jackson defeated the British at New Orleans (after a peace treaty was drawn up ending the war)
The War of 1812
In 1814, the British took the offensive in a 3-pronged attack
British were turned back at Plattsburg on Lake Champlain & gave up their Canadian offensive
The British attacked the undefended Chesapeake & burned Washington, DC & laid siege to Baltimore

16. Fort McHenry in Baltimore, Maryland

17. Hartford Convention
The War of 1812 is still going on!!
In order to reduce southern control of Congress
Federalists opposed the war by not paying taxes or sending troops
In 1814, Federalists met at the Hartford Convention to discuss altering the U.S. Constitution to:
Restrict Congress’ war powers
Supported a one-term president
Abolish the 3/5 clause
They discussed seceding from the USA if they did not get their way
In order to break the Virginia presidential dynasty () 26

18. Spain ceded Florida to the USA
Treaty of Ghent
Treaty of Ghent did not address U.S. neutrality but was ratified unanimously by the Senate
Effects of the war:
Ended all Indian-British alliances in western lands
Scared Spain into signing the Adams-Onis Treaty in 1819
The lack of Federalist loyalty was the fatal blow to the party
Spain ceded Florida to the USA 27

19. Results of the War of 1812 1. Growth of American Nationalism.
Star-Spangled Banner. Often referred to as the Second War for American Independence.
2. Strengthening of isolationism.
3. Increase in westward migration.
4. Encouragement of American Industry.
5. Disappearance of the Federalist Party.

20. Effects of the War of 1812
Though the US might not have gained any lands or major concessions from the war, the War of 1812 did have a number of significant effects on the young nation…
The US gained incredible respect from foreign nations for fighting the world’s greatest power, England, to two stalemates
There was an incredible growth in nationalistic feelings across the US, especially in the west
The idea that the future of the US lay in westward expansion
The death of the Federalist party

21. American System by Henry Clay
Tariff of 1816
Manufacturing increased during war to replace products that were no longer being sold by Britain
After war, Britain flood America with cheap goods to ruin American manufacturers
Tariff passed to protect America’s “infant industries”
Designed for protection, not revenue
Opposed by most southerners
American System by Henry Clay
Strong banking system for easy credit
Protective Tariff to develop eastern manufacturing
Internal improvements – roads, canals to facilitate trade
Needed especially in the west
Republicans did not think constitutionally could give money for improvements, left it to the states such as Erie Canal
Hamiltonians resist federal aid because didn’t want to create more states that would compete with east
Would economically tie all sections of US together

22. Second Bank of United States-1816
First bank had expired leaving no central bank
Led to economic difficulties
Second Bank was chartered to stabilize economy
Would provide for easy and abundant credit

23. Calhoun’s Bonus Bill Bonus Bill
Calhoun argued needed better transportation to unite the nation and avoid “disunion”
Bill by Calhoun to fund internal improvements in US
Madison vetoed the bill
Effects of veto
Sections would not support American System
Increased sectional differences
North had money to build roads and canals, South did not
Led to all trade going towards northern cities, south had increased dependence on agriculture and slavery

24. Era of Good Feelings James Monroe elected president 1816
Only Democratic-Republican party because Federalists disappeared after opposition to war
National politics disappeared, people focused on sectional issues
Sectionalism
East
Depend on trade, and industry
South
Depend on large plantations of cash crops
West
Depend on small farms
Economic issues of each section were frequently at odds with other sections
Panic of 1819
Over-speculation on western lands and shaky loans from banks led to economic crisis
Led to Bank of United States foreclosing on farms
Made western debtors see Bank as evil
Increased division between wealthy and poor

25. Monroe Doctrine
Post Napoleonic European monarchies allied to stop development of democratic movements
Americans feared European anti-democratic efforts would spread to US or western hemisphere
Britain benefitted from Latin American independence (trade) and did not want to see other European nations interfering
1823 George Canning of Britain propose that US and England both renounce territorial ambitions in Latin America
Secretary of State John Quincy Adams did not want to tie US hands by swearing off new world territory
Monroe Doctrine 1823
Noncolonization – European powers were prohibited from creating new colonies
Nonintervention – European powers were not allowed to intervene in affairs of new Latin American republics
US would not get involved in Greek independence from Turkey
US assumed Britain would support Monroe Doctrine in effort to protect British access to trade in Latin America

26. Effect of Monroe Doctrine
At time of doctrine, it did not have much effect
Began being used in middle to end of 19th century
America more concerned about own self defense than needs of Latin America
Russo-American Treaty of 1824
Established southern border at 54º 40’
Led to belief that US was insulated from European interests
Map of Alaska following Treaty of 1824