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© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Introduction The appendicular skeleton includes: Pectoral girdle
Shoulder bones Upper limbs Pelvic girdle Hip bones Lower limbs © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 2
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Figure 7.1 The Appendicular Skeleton
SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 APPENDICULAR SKELETON 126 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle 2 Pectoral girdles Clavicle 4 Scapula 2 Scapula Humerus Humerus 2 Upper limbs 60 Radius 2 Ulna Ulna 2 Radius Carpal bones 16 Ulna Hip bone Metacarpal bones 10 Phalanges 28 Pelvic girdle 2 Hip bones 2 Femur Femur 2 Lower limbs 60 Patella 2 Tibia 2 Tibia Fibula 2 Fibula Tarsal bones 14 Metatarsal bones 10 Phalanges 28 a Anterior view of the skeleton highlighting the appendicular components. The numbers in the boxes indicate the total number of bones of that type or category in the adult skeleton. b Posterior view of the skeleton. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
Pectoral girdle consists of: Clavicle Scapula © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 4
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The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
Upper limb consists of: Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Pollex and other digits © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 5
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Figure 7.2 The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Carpal bones Metacarpal bones (I to V) Phalanges a Right upper limb, anterior view b X-ray of right pectoral girdle and upper limb, posterior view © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
The Clavicle Connects the scapula to the manubrium of the sternum It extends from the manubrium of the sternum, laterally to the acromion process of the scapula It is an S-shaped bone Structures Sternal end Acromial end Conoid tubercle Costal tuberosity © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 7
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Figure 7.4a Mobility of the Pectoral Girdle
Scapula Acromioclavicular joint Sternoclavicular joint Manubrium of sternum Clavicle a Bones of the right pectoral girdle, superior view. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7.4b Mobility of the Pectoral Girdle
Retraction Protraction b Alterations in the position of the right shoulder that occur during protraction (movement anteriorly) and retraction (movement posteriorly). © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7.4c Mobility of the Pectoral Girdle
Elevation Depression c Alterations in the position of the right shoulder that occur during elevation (superior movement) and depression (inferior movement). In each instance, note that the clavicle is responsible for limiting the range of motion (see Figure 8.5d,f ). © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Right clavicle, superior view
Figure 7.3a The Clavicle Acromial end Sternal end LATERAL MEDIAL Facet for articulation with acromion a Right clavicle, superior view © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Right clavicle, inferior view
Figure 7.3b The Clavicle Sternal facet Acromial end Conoid tubercle Costal tuberosity MEDIAL LATERAL Sternal end b Right clavicle, inferior view © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
The Scapula Posterior structures Spine Supraspinous fossa Infraspinous fossa Acromion Lateral border Axillary border Medial border Vertebral border Anterior structures Coracoid process Subscapular fossa © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 13
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Anterior view Acromion Coracoid process Superior border Superior angle
Figure 7.5d The Scapula Acromion Coracoid process Superior border Superior angle Lateral angle Subscapular fossa Body Lateral border Medial border Inferior angle d Anterior view © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Posterior view Supraspinous fossa Superior border Coracoid process
Figure 7.5f The Scapula Supraspinous fossa Superior border Coracoid process Acromion Neck Spine Infraspinous fossa Body Medial border Lateral border Inferior angle f Posterior view © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
The Scapula Medial / Lateral structures Lateral border (Axillary border) Medial border (Vertebral border) Glenoid cavity (lateral) Superior / Inferior structures Superior angle Inferior angle Suprascapular notch (superior) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 16
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Costal (anterior) view
Figure 7.5a The Scapula Superior angle Coracoid process Superior border Acromion Suprascapular notch Subscapular fossa Rim of glenoid cavity Lateral angle Body Lateral border (axillary border) Medial border (vertebral border) Inferior angle a Costal (anterior) view © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Supraglenoid tubercle
Figure 7.5b The Scapula Acromion Supraglenoid tubercle Coracoid process Spine Glenoid cavity Infraglenoid tubercle Lateral border Inferior angle b Lateral view © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
The Humerus Proximal structures Head Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Anatomical neck Intertubercular sulcus Deltoid tuberosity Distal structures Capitulum Trochlea Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Coronoid fossa Olecranon fossa © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 19
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Intertubercular sulcus Intertubercular sulcus
Figure 7.6a The Humerus Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Intertubercular sulcus Head Lesser tubercle Greater tubercle Head Anatomical neck Anatomical neck Intertubercular sulcus Surgical neck Intertubercular sulcus POSTERIOR Radial groove Deltoid tuberosity Deltoid tuberosity Radial groove Shaft (body) ANTERIOR Intertubercular sulcus Coronoid fossa Radial fossa Radial fossa Lateral epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Medial epicondyle Capitulum Trochlea Capitulum Trochlea Condyle Condyle a Anterior views © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Posterior views Greater tubercle Head Head Greater tubercle
Figure 7.6d The Humerus Greater tubercle Head Head Greater tubercle Anatomical neck Anatomical neck Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Deltoid tuberosity Radial groove for radial nerve ANTERIOR POSTERIOR Olecranon fossa Olecranon fossa Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Trochlea Trochlea d Posterior views © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
Distal structures Radial styloid process Ulnar notch The Radius and Ulna Radius is lateral to the ulna Proximal structures Head Radial tuberosity Neck The head of the radius pivots on the capitulum of the humerus © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 22
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The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
Distal structures Ulnar styloid process Head The Radius and Ulna Ulna is medial to the radius Proximal structures Olecranon Trochlear notch Radial notch Coronoid process Ulnar tuberosity The trochlear notch pivots on the trochlea of the humerus The head of the radius pivots in the radial notch of the ulna © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 23
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Figure 7.7a The Radius and Ulna
Olecranon Proximal radioulnar joint Head of radius Neck of radius RADIUS ULNA Interosseous membrane Ulnar notch of radius Ulnar notch of radius Head of ulna Head of ulna Ulnar styloid process Ulnar styloid process Radial styloid process Radial styloid process Articular cartilage Distal extremity of radius Distal extremity of radius a Posterior view of the right radius and ulna © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7.7d The Radius and Ulna
Olecranon Trochlear notch Coronoid process Radial notch of ulna Head of radius Head of radius Neck of radius Ulnar tuberosity Radial tuberosity ULNA RADIUS Interosseous membrane Attachment surfaces for interosseous membrane Ulnar notch of radius Distal radioulnar joint Ulnar notch of radius Head of ulna Ulnar styloid process Radial styloid process Carpal articular surface Carpal articular surface Radial styloid process d Anterior view of the radius and ulna © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7.7b The Radius and Ulna
Humerus Olecranon fossa Medial epicondyle of humerus Olecranon Trochlea of humerus Head of radius Ulna b Posterior view of the elbow joint showing the interlocking of the participating bones © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7.7c The Radius and Ulna
Humerus Medial epicondyle Trochlea Capitulum Head of radius Coronoid process of ulna Radial notch of ulna c Anterior view of the elbow joint © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7.7e The Radius and Ulna
Olecranon Trochlear notch Coronoid process Radial notch Ulnar tuberosity e Lateral view of the proximal end of the ulna © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7.7f The Radius and Ulna
Head of ulna Distal radioulnar joint Ulnar styloid process f Anterior view of the distal ends of the radius and ulna, and the distal radioulnar joint © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
The Wrist and Hand Carpal bones Eight bones of the wrist Metacarpal bones Five metacarpals (make up the “back of the hand”) Phalanges Pollex has two phalanges All other digits of the hand have three phalanges © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 30
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The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
Distal structures Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate The Wrist and Hand Carpal bones Proximal bones Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 31
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Figure 7.8a The Bones of the Wrist and Hand
Proximal Carpal Bones Radius Ulna Radius Ulna Lunate Scaphoid Distal Carpal Bones Lunate Triquetrum Scaphoid Pisiform Pisiform Trapezium Capitate Triquetrum Hamate Trapezium Hamate Capitate Trapezoid Metacarpals Trapezoid I V I V II III IV II III IV a Anterior (palmar) view of the bones of the right wrist © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7.8b The Bones of the Wrist and Hand
Radius Ulna Radius Ulna Lunate Lunate Pisiform Scaphoid Pisiform Scaphoid Triquetrum Capitate Triquetrum Trapezium Hamate Trapezium Hamate Trapezoid Capitate Trapezoid I V IV I II III V Metacarpal bones IV Metacarpal bones II III Proximal phalanx Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx Phalanges Distal phalanx Proximal Middle Distal b Anterior (palmar) view of the bones of the right wrist and hand © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7.8c The Bones of the Wrist and Hand
Ulnar styloid process Radial styloid process Radius Ulnar styloid process Scaphoid Scaphoid Lunate Lunate Trapezium Trapezium Pisiform Pisiform Trapezoid Trapezoid Triquetrum Triquetrum I Capitate Hamate I Metacarpal bones Capitate Hamate V II V IV III II IV III Metacarpal bones Proximal phalanx Phalanges Proximal Middle phalanx Middle Distal Distal phalanx c Posterior (dorsal ) view of the bones of the right wrist and hand © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
Pelvic Girdle consists of: Hip bones (three coxal bones) Ilium Pubis Ischium © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 35
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The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
The lower limb consists of: Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Hallux and other digits © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 36
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Figure 7.9 The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
Hip bone (coxal or pelvic bone) Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsal bones Metatarsal bones Phalanges Tarsal bone a Right lower limb, lateral view b X-ray, pelvic girdle and lower limb, anterior/posterior projection © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
Supports and protects the lower viscera and developing fetus in females The bones of the pelvic girdle and lower limb are much more massive than their homologues of the upper limb © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 38
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The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
The Hip Bones (Coxal Bones) Anterior structures Ant. sup. iliac spine Ant. inf. Iliac spine Pubic tubercle Posterior structures Post. sup. Iliac spine Post. inf. Iliac spine Ischial tuberosity Greater sciatic notch Ischial spine Lesser sciatic notch © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 39
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Figure 7.10a The Pelvic Girdle (2 of 2)
Ilium Iliac crest Anterior gluteal line POSTERIOR ANTERIOR Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior gluteal line Pubis Ischium Inferior gluteal line Lateral view Posterior superior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Inferior iliac notch Lunate surface of acetabulum Greater sciatic notch Acetabulum Acetabular fossa Ischial spine Superior pubic ramus Lesser sciatic notch Obturator foramen Pubic tubercle Inferior pubic ramus Ischial tuberosity Ischial ramus a Lateral view © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
The Hip Bones (Coxal Bones) Lateral structures Acetabulum Gluteal lines Medial structures Iliac fossa Arcuate line © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 41
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Figure 7.10b The Pelvic Girdle (2 of 2)
Ilium Iliac crest ANTERIOR POSTERIOR Iliac fossa Ischium Pubis Iliac tuberosity Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior superior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Auricular surface for articulation with sacrum Posterior inferior iliac spine Obturator groove Greater sciatic notch Superior pubic ramus Arcuate line Pectineal line Spine of ischium Pubic tubercle Lesser sciatic notch Obturator foramen Pubic symphysis (symphyseal surface) Ischial tuberosity Ischial ramus Inferior pubic ramus b Medial view © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
The Pelvis Consists of: Two coxal bones / one sacrum / one coccyx Can be subdivided Greater pelvis Spans the distance from left iliac crest to right iliac crest Lesser pelvis Area inferior to the iliopectineal line © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 43
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Figure 7.11a The Pelvis (1 of 2)
Ilium Sacrum Iliac crest Sacro-iliac joint Sacrum Iliac fossa Ischium Pubis Coccyx Arcuate line Hip Bone Pectineal line Ilium Acetabulum Coccyx Pubis Pubic tubercle Obturator foramen Ischium Pubic crest Pubic symphysis a Anterior view © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Posterior view Sacrum Iliac crest Sacral foramina
Figure 7.11b The Pelvis Sacrum Iliac crest Sacral foramina Posterior superior iliac spine Median sacral crest Posterior inferior iliac spine Greater sciatic notch Sacral cornu Sacral hiatus Ischial spine Coccyx Ischial tuberosity Iliac crest L5 Posterior superior iliac spine Median sacral crest Sacral foramina Greater sciatic notch Posterior inferior iliac spine Sacral hiatus Sacrum Ischial spine Sacral cornu Coccyx Ischial tuberosity b Posterior view © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
The Pelvis Consists of two pelvic spaces Pelvic inlet (superior space between the brim of each coxal bone) Pelvic outlet (inferior space between the ischial spine of each coxal bone) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 46
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Superior view showing the pelvic brim and pelvic inlet of a male.
Figure 7.12a Divisions of the Pelvis and Anatomical Differences in the Male and Female Pelvis Greater pelvis Pelvic outlet Pelvic brim Pelvic inlet a Superior view showing the pelvic brim and pelvic inlet of a male. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
Male and Female Pelvis The main anatomical difference is in regard to childbearing Pelvic outlet Larger in females than in males Sacrum curve Less curvature in females than in males Pelvic inlet Wider in females than in males Pubic angle Greater than 100 in females and less than 90) in males © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 48
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Figure 7.12d Divisions of the Pelvis and Anatomical Differences in the Male and Female Pelvis
Adaptations for Childbearing in the Female Pelvis Male Relatively broad, low pelvis Ilia that project farther laterally Less curvature on the sacrum and coccyx Ischial spine Wider, more circular pelvic inlet Ischial spine Enlarged pelvic outlet 100 or more Broader pubic angle 90 or less d Many of the anatomical differences in the male and female pelvis are adaptations for childbearing. These adaptations support the weight of the developing fetus and uterus, and ease the passage of the newborn through the pelvic outlet at the time of delivery. Other differences are the result of variations in body size and muscle mass. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
The Femur Proximal structures Head Fovea Neck Greater trochanter Lesser trochanter Intertrochanteric line Intertrochanteric crest Distal structures Medial condyle Lateral condyle Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Intercondylar fossa Popliteal surface Patellar surface © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 50
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Articular surface of head Intertrochanteric line
Figure 7.13a The Femur Articular surface of head Neck Neck Fovea for ligament of head Greater trochanter Greater trochanter Intertrochanteric line Lesser trochanter Lesser trochanter Shaft (body) of femur Shaft of femur Patellar surface Lateral epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Medial epicondyle Patellar surface Lateral condyle Medial condyle Lateral condyle Medial condyle a Landmarks on the anterior surface of the right femur © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Articular surface of head
Figure 7.13d The Femur Head Neck Articular surface of head Neck Greater trochanter Greater trochanter Intertrochanteric crest Intertrochanteric crest Lesser trochanter Lesser trochanter Gluteal tuberosity Gluteal tuberosity Pectineal line Linea aspera Lateral supracondylar ridge Medial supracondylar ridge Lateral supracondylar ridge Popliteal surface Lateral epicondyle Medial supracondylar ridge Lateral condyle Popliteal surface Adductor tubercle Adductor tubercle Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Lateral condyle Medial condyle Medial condyle Intercondylar fossa Intercondylar fossa d Landmarks on the posterior surface of the right femur © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
The Femur Posterior view Linea aspera Lateral supracondylar ridge Medial supracondylar ridge © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 53
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Articular surface of head
Figure 7.13d The Femur Head Neck Articular surface of head Neck Greater trochanter Greater trochanter Intertrochanteric crest Intertrochanteric crest Lesser trochanter Lesser trochanter Gluteal tuberosity Gluteal tuberosity Pectineal line Linea aspera Lateral supracondylar ridge Medial supracondylar ridge Lateral supracondylar ridge Popliteal surface Lateral epicondyle Medial supracondylar ridge Lateral condyle Popliteal surface Adductor tubercle Adductor tubercle Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Lateral condyle Medial condyle Medial condyle Intercondylar fossa Intercondylar fossa d Landmarks on the posterior surface of the right femur © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
The Patella This is a large sesamoid bone Protects the knee joint Anterior surface is rough for strong tendon attachment Posterior surface has concave facets for the femoral condyles © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 55
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Anterior surface of the right patella
Figure 7.14a The Patella Base of patella Attachment area for quadriceps tendon Attachment area for patellar ligament Apex of patella a Anterior surface of the right patella © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Medial facet for medial condyle of femur
Figure 7.14b The Patella Medial facet for medial condyle of femur Lateral facet for lateral condyle of femur Articular surface of patella b Posterior surface © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
The Tibia and Fibula Tibia is medial to the fibula Proximal structures Tibial tuberosity Intercondylar eminence Medial and lateral tubercles of the intercondylar eminence Articular surfaces Soleal line Distal structures Medial malleolus © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 58
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The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
The Tibia and Fibula Fibula is lateral to the tibia Proximal structures Head Distal structures Lateral malleolus © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 59
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Figure 7.15a The Tibia and Fibula
Lateral tibial condyle Medial condyle Head of fibula Superior tibiofibular joint Tibial tuberosity Head of fibula Interosseous border of fibula Anterior margin Shaft of fibula Interosseous border of tibia Shaft of tibia Interosseous membrane of the leg Inferior tibiofibular joint Medial malleolus (tibia) Lateral malleolus (fibula) Lateral malleolus (fibula) Inferior articular surface Anterior views of the right tibia and fibula a © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7.15d The Tibia and Fibula
Medial tubercle of intercondylar eminence Lateral tubercle of intercondylar eminence Articular surface of medial tibial condyle Tubercles of intercondylar eminence Intercondylar eminence Articular surface of medial tibial condyle Lateral tibial condyle Medial tibial condyle Articular surface of lateral tibial condyle Medial tibial condyle Head of fibula Soleal line Interosseous membrane of the leg Soleal line TIBIA FIBULA TIBIA FIBULA Medial malleolus (tibia) Medial malleolus (tibia) Lateral malleolus (fibula) Articular surfaces of tibia and fibula Articular surfaces of tibia and fibula Lateral malleolus (fibula) d Posterior views of the right tibia and fibula © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
The Ankle and Foot Tarsal bones Seven bones of the ankle Metatarsal bones Five metatarsals (make up the “arch of the foot”) Phalanges Hallux has two phalanges All other digits of the foot have three phalanges © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 62
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The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
The Ankle and Foot Tarsal bones Calcaneus Talus Navicular Cuboid Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 63
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Figure 7.16a Bones of the Ankle and Foot
Tarsal Bones Calcaneus Talus Trochlea of talus Navicular Cuboid Cuneiform bones Lateral Intermediate Base of 1st metatarsal bone Medial V IV III II I Metatarsal Bones Shaft of 1st metatarsal bone Phalanges Head of 1st metatarsal bone Proximal Middle Distal a Superior (dorsal) view of the bones of the right foot. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Individual Variation in the Skeletal System
The skeleton can reveal important information about an individual Information such as: Racial differences Medical history Body size Muscle mass Age Sex © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 65
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Table 7.1 Sexual Differences in the Adult Human Skeleton (1 of 2)
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Table 7.1 Sexual Differences in the Adult Human Skeleton (2 of 2)
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Table 7.2 Age-Related Changes in the Skeleton (1 of 2)
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Table 7.2 Age-Related Changes in the Skeleton (2 of 2)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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