1. Percentage of Surviving Termites After Spraying
4. A termite population was sprayed with a certain brand of insecticide (insecticide = spray to kill insects). After being sprayed, the number of surviving termites within the population were counted an recorded as a percentage of the total. This process was repeated until a total of six generations of termites had been sprayed. The results are shown in the table below.
Termite Generation
Percentage of Surviving Termites After Spraying 1 5% 2
10% 3
25% 4
40% 5
60% 6
80%
By the 6th generation, the insecticide was only killing 20% of the termite population. Which statement best explains why later generations had higher percentages of termites that survived?
A. Earlier generations had several members that were old and weak
B. Earlier generations had smaller number of termites than later generations
C. Later generations were able to live through the spraying because they were used to it
D. Later generations were the offspring of termites from earlier generations that were more resistant to the spraying

2. PESTISIDE RESISTANCE:

4. Fitness is a measure of an organisms’ ability to survive and reproduce
5. Explain the trend shown in table 1.1 in terms of fitness. (Which of the two beetles, yellow and green, has more fitness? What evidence do you have for this?)
Yellow beetles’ fitness is decreasing.
The evidence for this is that their proportion in the population has decreased from 99% to 32%, a 67% decrease in 7 generations suggesting they are dyeing and/or reproducing less.
Green beetles fitness is increasing.
The evidence for this is that their proportion of the population increased from 1% to 68%, a total increase of 67% in 7 generations.

5. 6. Bacteria can grow resistant to antibiotics after a population has been taking them from generations. Explain how the bacteria shows the process of natural selection.

6. This also provides us with EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION
Because it shows how POPULATIONS CAN CHANGE OVER TIME!!!

7. It is not the theory of evolution;
7. Using natural selection, how would you explain the theory of evolution?
It is not the theory of evolution;
It is the theory of evolution by natural selection
Evolution – a scientific LAW explaining WHAT happens
 populations change over time.
Natural Selection – a scientific THEORY explaining HOW something happens
 Organisms best suited to their environment will survive and reproduce more.
*Natural Selection explains the MECHANISM by which evolution happens*
Therefore, ANY Trait that increase an organism's ability to survive and reproduce and increases from one generation of the species to another is an example of Evolution through Natural Selection

8. 8.Thinking about evolution, if a catastrophic flood happened in an area which animals would live and which animals would go extinct?
Catastrophic indicates that this scenario is a case of PRIMARY SUCSESSION. When event are “catastrophic” it means that the ecosystem is reduced to bare rock! If this is the case, all the organisms in the immediate area would go extinct initially; no evolution, no natural selection, no speciation. Following such an event succession would occur and species would slowly return beginning with lichens and ferns followed by small shrubs and sapling trees. These would bring animals back and eventually an ecosystem would return within a couple hundred years.

9. Primary Succession Following A Catastrophic Flood
Short term:
Long term:

10. 9. On a small isolated island, there is a single species of seed-eating birds. Individual birds are able to eat seeds that are within 2 mm (larger or smaller) of their beak depth. The distribution of individuals is shown in the figure below.
A long drought caused the plant species that produce seeds between 3-9 mm in size to go extinct. What does the Theory of Natural Selection predict will happen to the population of seed-eating birds over time?
A. It will permanently shrink to approximately 25% of its current size.
B. It will go extinct because there aren’t enough seeds to support all of the individuals.
C. It will diverge into two species: one that eats small seeds and one that eats large seeds.
D. It will adapt and the birds that ate the medium sized seeds will learn to eat fish, insects, or other animals.

11. Disruptive Selection

12. 10. In birds what might be three physical traits that would make them more suited to live in a tropical rain forest?
Powerful beaks to break nuts which are plentiful in tropical forests.
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

13. Diversity in an ecosystem is called BIODIVERSITY
11. Stability in an ecosystem is important for all members to survive and thrive. It allows organisms to thrive during times of abundance, and survive when resources are scarce. Which of the following ecosystems would have the most stability? A. An ecosystem where there are only a few specialized organisms. B. An ecosystem full of many kinds of diverse organisms. C. An ecosystem where only grass and other producers live. D. An ecosystem where gradualism takes place.
Diversity in an ecosystem is called BIODIVERSITY
Having biodiversity or many different types of species in an ecosystem improves the ability of life to continue in spite of changing resources such as food, water, habitat, climate, natural disasters and any other change that might happen.

14. 12. The diagram represents the relationship between beak structure and food in several species of finches found on the Galapagos Islands.
The different beak structures observed in the diagram are evidence of
A. different species of finches adapting to different environments over many generations
B. finches changing their beak characteristics so that they could feed efficiently
C. finch species with different beak structures coming to the Galapagos Islands from the mainland
D. finches mating with birds of other species and acquiring some of their traits

15. All of the Finches on the Galapagos Islands came from ONE species that originated on the mainland of South America. This ONE species flew to the islands and slowly over many many generations these birds adapted to the unique habitats and food sources on each island. Speciation is how a new kind of plant or animal species is created. Speciation occurs when a group within a species separates from other members of its species and develops its own unique characteristics. The demands of a different environment or the characteristics of the members of the new group will differentiate the new species from their ancestors. An example of speciation is the Galápagos finch. Different species of these birds live on different islands in the Galápagos and are isolated from one another by the ocean between them. Over millions of years, each species of finch developed a unique beak that is especially adapted to the kinds of food available on each island. Some finches have large, blunt beaks that can crack the hard shells of nuts and seeds. Other finches have long, thin beaks that can probe into cactus flowers without the bird being poked by the cactus spines. Still other finches have medium-size beaks that can catch and grasp insects. Because they are isolated, the birds don’t breed with one another and have therefore developed into unique species with unique characteristics.

16. Pack, Herd, Flock and Schooling behavior
13. Many organisms, like wolves and birds, travel and live together in a pack. Which of the following is the biggest benefit TO AN INDIVIDUAL of pack behavior? A. It allows organisms to socialize with each other B. It allows an individual of a pack survive better when the pack is being attacked by a predator C. It reduces the amount of food available to an individual D. It allows an individual to find food for the leader of the pack.
Pack, Herd, Flock and Schooling behavior
INCREASE THE CHANCE OF SURVIVAL!
By appearing as one large organisms rather than one small one.
The secondary benefits are that grouping helps individuals to get more food and increases reproductive success with more access to mates. But these other benefits are meaningless if you are dead!

17. 14. Succulent plants such as aloes are known for their thick stems and leaves, which allow them to store water. Which statement best explains how succulents evolved through natural selection. A. Thick stems and leaves were selected to take up more space and grow very large. B. Thick stems and leaves were selected to store more water and survive the hot dry climate better. C. Thick stems and leaves were selected to produce more flowers and therefore more offspring. D. Thick stems and leaves were selected to survive the hot dry climate better and therefore be able to produce more offspring.
Natural Selection – Survival of the fittest; those best suited to their environment will survive and reproduce more successfully.

18. 15. The fossil of Tiktaalik dates back 375 million years ago
15. The fossil of Tiktaalik dates back 375 million years ago. The creature was a fish that had wrist-like bone structures at the tips of its fins, a mobile neck, as well as many structures of its gills that may have allowed it to breathe air. How does this fossil provide support to the theory of evolution through natural selection?

19. Tiktaalik is an example of a transitional organism which help show the evolutionary steps leading from one lineage to another by displaying characteristics of both the ancestral and the new lineage. These characters help us understand the order in which the traits of the new lineage evolved and what functions they served as they evolved. Tiktaalik, for example, had fins with thin ray bones, scales, and gills like most fish. However, it also had the sturdy wrist bones, neck, shoulders, and thick ribs of a four-legged vertebrate. Tiktaalik was specialized for life in shallow water, propping itself up on the bottom and snapping up prey. The adaptations it had for this lifestyle ended up providing the stepping stones for vertebrates to climb onto dry land — but of course, Tiktaalik was not "aiming" to evolve features for land-living. Tiktaalik was simply well-adapted for its own lifestyle and later on, many of these features ended up being well suited for a new terrestrial lifestyle.

20. 16. When an organism thrives in it’s environment, it can eventually causes changes to the abiotic factors of the environment and cause other organisms who are better adapted to the new conditions become more abundant. Give an example of how the success of an organisms can lead to succession in its environment.
Every species has a set of environmental conditions under which it will grow and reproduce most optimally. In a given ecosystem, and under that ecosystem's set of environmental conditions, those species that can grow the most efficiently and produce the most viable offspring will become the most abundant organisms. As long as the ecosystem's set of environmental conditions remains constant, those species optimally adapted to those conditions will flourish. The "engine" of succession, the cause of ecosystem change, is the impact of established species have upon their own environments. A consequence of living is the sometimes subtle and sometimes overt alteration of one's own environment. The original environment may have been optimal for the first species of plant or animal, but the newly altered environment is often optimal for some other species of plant or animal. Under the changed conditions of the environment, the previously dominant species may fail and another species may become ascendant.

21. An Example of Success Leading to Succession
The growth of hardwood trees (including ash, poplar and oak) within the red pine planting area. The consequence of this hardwood tree growth is the increased shading and subsequent mortality of the sun loving red pines by the shade tolerant hardwood seedlings. The shaded forest floor conditions generated by the pines prohibits the growth of sun-loving pine seedlings and allows the growth of the hardwoods. The consequence of the growth of the hardwoods is the decline and senescence of the pine forest. (Observe the dead pine trees that have fallen. Observe the young hardwoods growing up beneath the still living pines).
*** Changes in the abiotic factors in the environment >>> changed the biotic factors!!!!!

22. Clinebio.weebly.com