2. Cell Structure and Function
NC Essential Standards
Structure and Functions of Living Organisms
Bio.1.1, Bio.1.2
Unit Topics
Cell Structure: Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic, Plant cells vs. Animal cells, Organelle Structure and Function
Cell Function: Organelle Structure and Function, Cell Specialization and Communication, Homeostasis, The Cell Cycle
K. Nifong; 2013

3. Organization of Living Things
All living things are organized.
CellsTissuesOrgansOrgan SystemsOrganism
Why are cells so important?

4. The Cell Theory

5. The Cell Theory – 3 Parts! 1. Cells are the basic unit of life!
2. All organisms are made of cells!
Building The Cell Theory
Anton Von Leeuwenhoek
Described cells in pond water looking through a simple microscope
Robert Hooke
Used compound microscope; studied cork and said it looked like cells
Schleiden and Schwann
All plants and animals are made of cells!
Rudolph Virchow
3. New cells only come from existing cells

6. Cell type comparisons

7. PROKARYOTIC
EUKARYOTIC
Major Cell Types

8. Major Cell Types No membrane-bound organelles Ribosomes Present
PROKARYOTIC
EUKARYOTIC
No membrane-bound organelles
Ribosomes Present
No Nucleus
Plasmids of circular DNA
Smaller
Simple
Mostly Unicellular
Ex. BACTERIA
Membrane-bound organelles: mitochondria, chloroplast, nucleus, etc.
Ribosomes present
Nucleus!!!
DNA in nucleus
Larger
Complex: Specialization!
Mostly Multicellular
Ex. PLANTS, ANIMALS, FUNGI, PROTISTS
Major Cell Types

9. Eukaryotic Cell Types

10. Eukaryotic Cell Types PLANT CELLS Chloroplasts Vacuoles – LARGE!
photosynthesis
Vacuoles – LARGE!
Store water, salts, etc.
Helps maintain structure of cell wall
Cell Wall
Provides structural support, rigid
ANIMAL CELLS
Do not have those 3 structures
Why not?
(*Animal cells/do have vacuoles – much smaller)

11. Cell structure and function

12. Cell Organelles
Organelles: small structures within cells that carry out various functions
STRUCTURE DETERMINES FUNCTION
Surface Area – greater surface area provides for more productivity
FOLDS!!!

13. Organelles Nucleus: houses genetic material
Nuclear Membrane/Envelope: surrounds and protects genetic material
Nuclear Pores: holes in the nuclear membrane
Nucleolus: dense region; ribosomal subunits
Chromatin: genetic material
Ribosomes: make proteins using genetic information from the nucleus, 2 subunits

14. Organelles
Endoplasmic Reticulum: folded membrane system surrounding nucleus; stores and transmits lipids and proteins throughout cell

15. Organelles
Golgi Apparatus: modifies, prepares proteins and lipids to send out of cell

16. Organelles
Mitochondria: site of cellular respiration; converts food energy (glucose) into cell energy (ATP)
Very FOLDED inner-membrane: cristae!

17. Organelles
Chloroplast: site of photosynthesis; converts light energy into glucose
PLANTS!

18. Organelles
Lysosomes: break down organic molecules and digest worn-out cell parts

19. Organelles Vacuole: Storage for water, organic molecules, salts, etc.
**Large in plants!

20. Cell Parts Cytoskeleton:
A network of proteins that help cell maintain shape.
Microtubules: Thin, hollow cylinders of protein.
Microfilaments: Thin, solid protein fibers.
Cilia and Flagella:
Cilia: Short, numerous, hair-like projections from the plasma membrane of the cell.
Often beat synchronously to produce motion.
Flagella: Long projections that move in a whip-like motion to produce movement.
The major method of locomotion in unicellular organisms.
Found mainly in bacteria and Protists
Sperm cells!

21. Structures for Locomotion

22. Structures for Locomotion

23. Cytoplasm
Fluid-filled space surrounding organelles

24. Surrounding the Cell Plasma Membrane/Cell Membrane:
phospholipid bilayer
Fluid mosaic model
membrane that surrounds ALL cells
Regulates what enters and leaves; Semipermeable!
Permeable to lipids, nonpolar and smaller substances
Maintains solution concentrations!
Contains Transport Proteins
Embedded in membrane; help certain substances move into or out of cell

25. The Plasma Membrane Structure

26. Surrounding the Cell
Cell Wall: made of cellulose, helps maintain structure
PLANTS, Fungi, Prokaryotes, Algae