1. Populations
What has been the impact of population growth upon the resources of countries at contrasting levels of economic development?

2. Mount Toba Eruption 70,000 B.C.E.
Estimated Homo Sapiens Population was less than 10,000. Some estimates even lower!

3. Year 2017 CE estimate is about 7.6 billion people.
Year 1 CE Human population estimate was between 170 Million and 300 million people.
Year 2017 CE estimate is about 7.6 billion people.

4. Carrying Capacity - the maximum population of a species that can survive in an environment. Yes, draw the graph… Carrying Capacity on Earth is dependent on several factors.

5. Population will increase as long as available resources facilitate growth. As resources become scarce, the population reaches it’s carrying capacity (K) and begins to stabilize. Growth decreases then stops.

6. Global population increases because of 1) fertility rate 2) mortality rate

7. Carrying Capacity (CC) on Earth is dependent on consumption habits and resources used per individual. Carrying capacity is not constant because the environment is always changing.

8. The more space, food, and water each individual demands, the lower the carrying capacity.

9. Thomas R. Malthus Theory: population growth would result in famine due to a dearth in resources with increase in demand.

10. Malthus Theory (1798)- famine could only be avoided by decreasing birth rate or increasing mortality rate.

11. Malthus Theory assumes that human population grows exponentially while food production would continue to grow linearly.

12. Malthus Theory does not account for advances in agricultural technology.

13. Ester Boserup Theory (1965): Food production changes in response to demands of the population. A Agricultural intensification: the improvement in food production methods to match the needs of a growing population.

14. Optimum populations are able to fully utilize available resources
Optimum populations are able to fully utilize available resources. Ideal quantity of resources per number of individuals is reached.

15. Overpopulation: The number of individuals exceeds the carrying capacity of the environment.

16. Underpopulation occurs when a population is too small to fully use resources within the environment or support economic growth.

17. GNP: Market value of the total amount of products and services produced by a nation both domestically and abroad. Agrarian economy: Farming supports most of the economy rather than industry or services.

18. More Economically Developed Countries (MEDC): Nations with high GNP and technological development relative to LEDC. Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDC): Nations that are usually agrarian with low GNPs and technological development.

19. Population Pyramid: Males and females are displayed by age and percentage.

21. Prior to the 1700s, mortality and fertility rates were roughly equal for any given country (including U.S. and Great Britain).

22. Around the 18th century, some countries began to experience a drop in death rate (DR) with a relatively high birth rate (BR). This lead to a population increase.

23. Demographic Transition Model (DTM): Transition from high BR and DR to low BR and DR as a result of improved sanitation, medical technology, and food production.

24. DTM has 5 stages. Get ready… Stage 1: population size remains fairly constant but can have major swings with events such as wars or pandemics.

25. In Stage 1, infant mortality rates tend to be higher and fewer children reach adulthood. Further, an agrarian society benefits more from larger families to increase workforce.

26. Stage 2: modern sanitation and medicine reduces DR, but BR remains high; rapid population growth. Represents the least developed countries today.

28. Stage 3: BR gradually decreases, as a result of improved economic conditions, an increase in women’s status, and increase use of contraception. Population growth continues, but at a lower rate. Most developing countries are in Stage 3.

29. Stage 4: BR and DR are low, stabilizing the population
Stage 4: BR and DR are low, stabilizing the population. These countries have stronger economies and higher education.

30. These countries also have better healthcare, more working women, and a BR of about 2 per woman. Most developed countries are in Stage 4.

31. At stage 4, it is no longer advantageous to have larger families as urbanization has increased. Fewer people are needed to grow sufficient quantities of food.

32. Stage 5?: countries in which BR have fallen below replacement level (2 children) and the elderly population is greater than the youthful population. Japan???