1. IP NETWORKING
NT2640

2. Unit 1 Class Agenda 3/14/16 Introduction. Learning Objectives
Lesson Presentation and Discussions.
Lab Activities will be performed in class.
Assignments will be given in class.
Break Times as per school instructions.
Course materials will be posted to the website. You are advice to check the website

3. Name: Williams Obinkyereh
MSc. IT, Post Masters Software Engineering
DSC (Doctor of Computer Science) Student.
Contacts:
Phone:

4. Introduction Class introduction Introduction of Course Syllabus.
Course Summary
Lab Infrastructure (Mock)
Course Plan
Evaluation
Academic integrity
Discussion and questions about syllabus.
Send me Name, phone number and a reliable address.

5. Discussion on How to use the simulator

6. Serial Line connection
Cisco Device Icons
Hub
Network
cloud
Bridge
Ethernet connection
Switch
Serial Line connection
Router
Wireless connection
Access point
Virtual Circuit

7. Mnemonic (Bottom to top) Mnemonic (Top to bottom)
OSI Model Facts
Layer
Name
Mnemonic (Bottom to top)
Mnemonic (Top to bottom)
Layer 7
Application
Away
All
Layer 6
Presentation
Pizza
People
Layer 5
Session
Sausage
Seem
Layer 4
Transport
Throw To
Layer 3
Network
Not
Need
Layer 2
Data Link Do
Data
Layer 1
Physical
Please
Processing

8. Purpose of the OSI Model
Provides a common language or reference point between network professionals
Divides networking tasks into logical layers for easier comprehension
Allows specialization of features at different levels
Aids in troubleshooting
Promotes standards interoperability between networks and devices
Provides modularity in networking features (developers can change features without changing the entire approach)

9. Limitations of OSI Model
OSI layers are theoretical and do not actually perform real functions.
Industry implementations rarely have a layer-to-layer correspondence with the OSI layers.
Different protocols within the stack perform different functions that help send or receive the overall message.
A particular protocol implementation may not represent every OSI layer (or may spread across multiple layers).

10. OSI and TCP/IP Model Compared 1

11. OSI and TCP/IP Model Compared 2
Application layer (also called the Process layer) corresponds to the Session, Presentation, and Application layers of the OSI model.
Host-to-host layer is comparable to the Transport layer of the OSI model
Responsible for error checking and reliable packet delivery.
Internet layer is comparable to the Network layer of the OSI model.
Involves addressing of hosts and making routing decisions.

12. OSI and TCP/IP Model Compared 3
Network Access layer corresponds to the functions of the Physical and Data Link layers of the OSI model.
Responsible for describing the physical layout of the network and how messages are formatted on the transmission medium.
Sometimes this layer is divided into the Network Access and the Physical layer

13. OSI, TCP/IP and TCP/IP Protocols Suite

14. OSI Layers and Their Functions
Network engineers need a basic understanding of the functions defined by each OSI layer, as well as remembering the names of the layers.
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15. Encapsulation Process
Figure 1-14 OSI Encapsulation and Protocol Data Units
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16. Chapter 2: Modern Ethernet LANs
Ethernet refers to a family of standards that together define the physical and data link layers.
Different standards vary in the speed supported, with speeds from 10 (Mbps), 100 Mbps, and 1000 Mbps to (1 Gbps) being common today.
The standards also differ as far as the types of cabling and the allowed length of the cabling.
The IEEE separates the functions into two sublayers:
The Media Access Control (MAC) sublayer
The Logical Link Control (LLC) sublayer
© 2011 ITT Educational Services Inc.
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17. Table 3-2 Today’s Most Common Types of Ethernet
Common Name Speed Alternative Name Name of IEEE Standard Cable Type Maximum Length
Ethernet Mbps 10BASE-T IEEE Copper m
Fast Ethernet Mbps 100BASE-TX IEEE 802.3u Copper m
Gigabit Ethernet 1000 Mbps 1000BASE-T IEEE 802.3ab Copper m
Gigabit Ethernet 1000 Mbps 1000BASE-LX IEEE 802.3z Fiber  km (LX)
1000BASE-SX m (SX)
To build and create a modern LAN using any of the UTP-based types of Ethernet LANs listed in Table 3-2, you need the following components:
Computers that have an Ethernet network interface card (NIC) installed
Either an Ethernet hub or Ethernet switch
UTP cables to connect each PC to the hub or switch
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18. A Typical Simple LAN Figure 3-1 Typical Small Modern LAN
The NICs cannot be seen, because they reside in the PCs.
the lines represent the UTP cabling, and the icon in the center of the figure represents a LAN switch.
© 2011 ITT Educational Services Inc.
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19. Small Ethernet 10BASE2 Network
The “rules” are based on CSMA/CD.
If two or more signals were sent at the same time, they would overlap and collide.
This algorithm, known as the “Carrier Sensing Multiple Access with Collision Detection” (CSMA/CD).
CSMA/CD is similar to what happens in a meeting room with many attendees.
When one person talks and the rest listen.
© 2011 ITT Educational Services Inc.
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20. Ethernet UTP Cabling UTP Cables and RJ-45 Connectors
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21. UTP Cabling Pinouts for 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX
Standard Ethernet Cabling Pinouts
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22. Cross-Over Cables
Typical Uses for Straight-Through and Crossover Ethernet Cables
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23. IP Addressing
IP addresses allow hosts to participate on IP based networks
32-bit binary number represented as four octets (four 8-bit values). Each octet is separated by a period.

24. IPv4 ADDRESSES
An IPv4 address is a 32-bit address that uniquely and universally defines the connection of a device (for example, a computer or a router) to the Internet.

25. IP Addressing 2 IP addresses can be represented in one of two ways:
Decimal (for example ). In decimal notation, each octet must be between 0 and 255.
Binary (for example ). In binary notation, each octet is an 8-digit number.

27. IP Addressing 3
The IP address includes both the network and the host address.
Each IP address has an implied address class that can be used to infer the network portion of the address.
The subnet mask is a 32-bit number that is associated with each IP address that identifies the network portion of the address
A simple mask might be

28. Classful IP Addressing
In classful addressing, the address space is divided into five classes:
A, B, C, D, and E.

29. Classful IP Addressin Class Address Range First Octet Range
Default Subnet Mask A to
1-126 ( binary) B to
( binary) C to
( binary) D to
( binary)
n/a E to
( binary)

30. Hosts Per Network
There are only 126 Class A network IDs (most of these addresses are already assigned). Each class A address gives you 16,777,214 hosts per network.
There are 16,384 Class B network IDs. Each class B address gives you 65,534 hosts per network.
There are 2,097,152 Class C network IDs. Each class C address gives you 254 hosts per network.

31. Loop Back Address
Addresses in the range are reserved for the local host (in other words "this" host or the host you're currently working at). The most commonly-used address is which is the loopback address.

32. Private IP Address
The following address ranges have been reserved for private use: to to to
Use addresses in these ranges for your private networks

33. Classless IP Addressing
In IPv4 addressing, a block of addresses can be defined as x.y.z.t /n in which x.y.z.t defines one of the addresses and the /n defines the mask. Also known as Classless Inter-Domain Routing

34. Example LAN, Two Buildings
For the trunk links between the switches, you use crossover cables because each switch transmits on the same pair of pins on the connector, so the crossover cable connects one device’s transmit pair to the other device’s receive pair.
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35. Numbers of, and Sizes of, Class A, B, and C Networks
Note that the size of networks from each class differs significantly.
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36. Address Formats
Sizes (bits) of the Network and Host Parts of Unsubnetted Classful Networks.
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37. OSI Layer 1 for Point-to-Point WANs
The OSI physical layer, or Layer 1, defines the details of how to move data from one device to another. In fact, many people think of OSI Layer 1 as “sending bits.”
The OSI physical layer defines the standards and protocols used to create the physical network and to send the bits across that network.
A point-to-point WAN link acts like an Ethernet trunk between two Ethernet switches in many ways.
© 2011 ITT Educational Services Inc.
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38. Frame Relay and Packet-Switching
Provide more features and benefits than simple point-to-point WAN links.
A multiaccess network where more than two devices can attach to the network, similar to LANs.
Uses the same Layer 1 features as a point-to-point leased line.
Frame Relay switch links are called access links and run at the same speed.
Instead of extending from router to router, leased lines runs from one the router to a Frame Relay switch.
© 2011 ITT Educational Services Inc.
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39. Point-to-Point Leased Line
Point-to-point WAN links provide basic connectivity between two points.
To get a point-to-point WAN link, you would use a service provider to install the circuit.
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