1. The Middle Passage

2. The Horrors of the Middle Passage
Aim: How did the Atlantic slave trade effect Africa?
Do Now: What is the legacy of Columbus?

3. Middle Passage
This is the voyage that brought captured Africans to the West Indies and later to North/South America.
Cruelty characterized this journey. The Africans were packed into ships with beatings.
They suffered horrible disease and abuse.
Many committed suicide by throwing themselves overboard.
Aim: How did the Atlantic slave trade effect Africa?
Do Now: What is the legacy of Columbus?

4. Slave Ship Plan

5. The Voyage Aim: How did the Atlantic slave trade effect Africa?
Do Now: What is the legacy of Columbus?

6. Slave Ship Interior

7. Middle Passage Journey lasted 6-8 weeks.
Due to high mortality rate, cargo was insured (reimbursed for drowning accidents but not for deaths from disease of sickness)
Common to dump your cargo for sickness or food shortages.
Slave mutinies on board ships were common (1 out of every 10 voyages across the Atlantic experience a revolt).
Covert resistance (attempted suicide, jumped overboard, refusal to eat).

8. Middle Passage
Crews attempted to keep as many slaves alive as possible to maximize profits, but treatment was extremely cruel
Some slaves refused to eat and crew members used tools to pry open their mouths and force-feed them
Sick slaves were cast overboard to prevent infection from spreading
During the early days of the slave trade, mortality rates were as high as 50%
As the volume of trade increased and conditions improved (bigger ships, more water, better nourishment and facilities), mortality eventually declined to about 5%

9. Middle Passage Statistics
10-16 million Africans forcibly transported across the Atlantic from
2 million died during the Middle Passage (10-15%)
Another 15-30% dies during the march to the coast.
For every 100 slaves that reached the New World, another 40 died in Africa or during the Middle Passage.

10. The Great Awakening was a movement rooted in spiritual growth which brought a national identity to Colonial America
Certain Christians began to disassociate themselves with the established/institutional approach to worship
People began to go to large gatherings for up to days at a time and worship and pray

11. First Great Awakening took place during the 1730’s- 1740’s in colonial America

12. People felt that religion was dry, dull and distant
Preachers felt that people needed to be concerned with inner emotions as opposed to outward religious behavior
People in the New England area could now read and interpret the Bible for themselves (individualism rather than institutionalism)

13. George Whitfield: Big name preacher in London who made many trips to America to preach
Was called a “giant” in the pulpit because of his booming voice and authority shown in the pulpit
He became an itinerant evangelist
Given credit for beginning the Great Awakening

14. Jonathan Edwards: Famous for his sermon “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”
When Edwards preached his focus was more Hell based and intended to scare sinners to salvation
Quote from his famous sermon: “The god that holds you over the pit of Hell, much as one holds a spider or other loathsome insect over the fire abhors you…his wrath toward you burns like a fire; he looks upon you as worthy of nothing else but to be cast into the fire”

15. Who-
Jonathan Edwards-
preacher that is thought to start the revivals in Massachusetts and set the stage for other preachers to follow in the other colonies
George Whitefield-
a traveling preacher from London that spurred the causes of the Great Awakening in the southern colonies

16. Birth of deep religious convictions in the colonies
Colonists could be bold when confronting religious authority, and break away if they were not meeting expectations
Just as with religion, political power did not reside with English Monarchs, but with colonists self-governance

17. Where the Great Awakening dealt with a spiritual revival, the Enlightenment dealt with scientific and intellectual reason
The Enlightenment is often referred to as the age of reason
Began with intellectuals in Europe and moved over to America