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Neuronal Networks So far: the building blocks of neurons/networks
ion channels resting potential action potential synapses Now: we build a network networks in the thalamus the importance of time (i.e. brain rhythms) Boston London DC
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Neuronal Networks Brain Rhythms
delta rhythm 1 sec So far: the building blocks of neurons/networks Now: we build a network ion channels resting potential action potential synapses the importance of time (i.e. brain rhythms) networks in the thalamus 100 millisec theta rhythm 100 millisec beta rhythm gamma rhythm 10 millisec 100 millisec combination
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Neuronal Networks Brain Rhythms delta rhythm 1 sec theta rhythm
Buzsaki & Draguhn, 2004 delta rhythm 1 sec 100 millisec theta rhythm 100 millisec beta rhythm gamma rhythm 10 millisec 100 millisec combination
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Neuronal Networks why? how? Neuronal Networks The Neuron Brain Rhythms
100 millisec theta rhythm gamma rhythm 10 millisec combination delta rhythm 1 sec beta rhythm Brain Rhythms The Neuron Buzsaki & Draguhn, 2004 why? how?
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Neuronal Networks why? how? Neuronal Networks delta rhythm
100 millisec theta rhythm gamma rhythm 10 millisec combination delta rhythm 1 sec beta rhythm why? how?
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Neuronal Networks Neuronal Networks why? rhythm = time
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Neuronal Networks why? how? Neuronal Networks Brain Rhythms
rhythm = time Neuronal Networks Brain Rhythms 100 millisec theta rhythm 10 millisec gamma rhythm combination delta rhythm 1 sec beta rhythm Brain Rhythms 100 millisec theta rhythm gamma rhythm 10 millisec combination delta rhythm 1 sec beta rhythm why? how?
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Neuronal Networks Neuronal Networks Brain Brain Rhythms Sleep Stages
100 millisec theta rhythm 10 millisec gamma rhythm combination delta rhythm 1 sec beta rhythm thalamus Sleep Stages wake N1 N2 N3 REM
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Neuronal Networks Brain Brain Rhythms Sleep Stages thalamus wake N1 N2
100 millisec theta rhythm 10 millisec gamma rhythm combination delta rhythm 1 sec beta rhythm thalamus Sleep Stages wake N1 N3 REM N2
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Neuronal Networks Brain Brain Rhythms Sleep Spindles Sleep Stages
100 millisec theta rhythm 10 millisec gamma rhythm combination delta rhythm 1 sec beta rhythm thalamus Sleep Spindles Sleep Stages wake N1 N3 REM Eschenko et al., 2006 N2
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Neuronal Networks Brain Brain Rhythms Sleep Spindles
100 millisec theta rhythm 10 millisec gamma rhythm combination delta rhythm 1 sec beta rhythm reticular thalamic (RT) nucleus thalamocortical (TC) nuclei thalamus Sleep Spindles Eschenko et al., 2006 RT Neurons TC Neurons 100 millisec sleep spindle (beta rhythm)
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Spindle Circuit RT TC soma resting (cell body) potential axon synapse
K+ Cl- TC RT soma (cell body) axon synapse resting potential resting potential sodium channel potassium channel chloride channel
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Spindle Circuit RT TC action potential soma resting (cell body)
Na+ K+ Cl- TC RT soma (cell body) axon synapse resting potential Na+ K+ GABA GABA receptor resting potential postsynaptic potential sodium channel inhibitory (ipsp) potassium channel chloride channel
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Spindle Circuit RT TC action potential soma (cell body) resting
Na+ K+ Cl- TC RT soma (cell body) resting potential Na+ K+ axon GABA synapse GABA receptor resting potential postsynaptic potential low threshold calcium channel sodium channel inhibitory (ipsp) potassium channel chloride channel
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Spindle Circuit RT TC action potential resting potential GABA
GABA receptor TC resting potential postsynaptic potential low threshold calcium channel inhibitory (ipsp) chloride channel
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Low Threshold Calcium Channel
membrane potential -75mV -50mV -25mV 0mV -100mV open (activated) closed membrane potential closed but ready to open (primed) rest inactivated & closed de-inactivated & TC opens with depolarization low threshold calcium channel inactivated state cannot open de-inactivates (aka primes) with hyperpolarization
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Low Threshold Calcium Channels are called Low Threshold because:
A. They are primarily expressed in lower vertebrates. B. Hyperpolarization lowers their threshold for activation. C. They are activated at relatively hyperpolarized membrane potentials. D. They easily get angry.
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Low Threshold Calcium Channel
TC Low Threshold Calcium Channel membrane potential -75mV -50mV -25mV 0mV -100mV rest open closed de-inactivated & but ready to open (primed) inactivated (activated) Low Threshold Calcium Channels are called Low Threshold because: A. They are primarily expressed in lower vertebrates. B. Hyperpolarization lowers their threshold for activation. C. They are activated at relatively hyperpolarized membrane potentials. D. They get angry easily.
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Which Statement is True?
A. A de-inactivated L-T Ca2+ channel is open. B. If depolarized, an inactivated L-T Ca2+ channel will open. C. Hyperpolarization de-inactivates L-T Ca2+ channels. D. Hyperpolarization opens L-T Ca2+ channels.
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Low Threshold Calcium Channel
TC membrane potential -75mV -50mV -25mV 0mV -100mV rest open closed de-inactivated & but ready to open (primed) inactivated (activated) Which Statement is true? A. A de-inactivated L-T Ca2+ channel is open. B. If depolarized, an inactivated L-T Ca2+ channel will open. C. Hyperpolarization de-inactivates L-T Ca2+ channels. D. Hyperpolarization opens L-T Ca2+ channels.
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Spindle Circuit RT TC action potential resting potential GABA
GABA receptor TC resting potential inhibitory (ipsp) postsynaptic potential low threshold calcium channel
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Spindle Circuit RT TC action potential resting potential
low threshold calcium spike GABA GABA receptor TC resting potential inhibitory (ipsp) postsynaptic potential low threshold calcium channel
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Spindle Circuit RT TC action potential resting potential
low threshold calcium spike GABA GABA receptor TC resting potential inhibitory (ipsp) postsynaptic potential low threshold calcium channel
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Spindle Circuit RT TC glutamate action potential glutamate receptor
resting potential action potential low threshold calcium spike GABA GABA receptor TC resting potential inhibitory (ipsp) postsynaptic potential low threshold calcium channel
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Spindle Circuit RT TC glutamate action potential glutamate receptor
resting potential action potential low threshold calcium spike GABA GABA receptor TC resting potential inhibitory (ipsp) postsynaptic potential low threshold calcium channel
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Which statement is the most true?:
A. Neurons can turn on in response to excitation. B. Neurons can turn on in response to inhibition. C. Both A & B are false. D. Both A & B are true.
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Spindle Circuit Which statement is the most true?:
TC RT GABA GABA receptor inhibitory (ipsp) resting potential action potential postsynaptic potential glutamate glutamate receptor low threshold calcium spike low threshold calcium channel Which statement is the most true?: A. Neurons can turn on in response to excitation. B. Neurons can turn on in response to inhibition. C. Both A & B are false. D. Both A & B are true.
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Spindle Circuit RT TC glutamate action potential glutamate receptor
resting potential action potential low threshold calcium spike GABA GABA receptor TC resting potential inhibitory (ipsp) postsynaptic potential low threshold calcium channel
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Spindle Circuit RT TC glutamate glutamate receptor activation burst
inhibition excitation rebound burst GABA GABA receptor TC 100 millisec Sleep Spindle N2 wake N1 N3 REM Sleep
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Spindle Circuit RT TC glutamate glutamate receptor activation burst
inhibition excitation rebound burst GABA GABA receptor TC 100 millisec Sleep Spindle N2 wake N1 N3 REM Sleep
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Spindle Circuit ? ? activation burst inhibition excitation
RT inhibition excitation rebound burst TC activation burst ? low threshold calcium channel inhibition excitation r e b o u n d b u r s t r e b o u n d b u r s t ?
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Spindle Circuit r e b o u n d b u r s t RT TC activation inhibition
excitation rebound burst activation b u r s t low threshold calcium channel r e b o u n d
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Prolonged inhibition of thalamocortical (TC) neurons will cause:
A. Weaker TC firing activity during the inhibition. B. Weaker TC firing activity after the inhibition. C. Stronger TC firing during the inhibition. D. Stronger TC firing after the inhibition. E. A & B. F. A & D.
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Spindle Circuit TC RT inhibition excitation rebound burst activation r e b o u n d b u r s t low threshold calcium channel Prolonged inhibition of thalamocortical (TC) neurons will cause: A. Weaker TC firing activity during the inhibition. B. Weaker TC firing activity after the inhibition. C. Stronger TC firing during the inhibition. D. Stronger TC firing after the inhibition. E. A & B F. A & D
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Spindle Circuit r e b o u n d b u r s t RT TC activation inhibition
excitation rebound burst activation r e b o u n d b u r s t low threshold calcium channel
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Spindle Circuit activation burst inhibition excitation r e b o u n d
RT inhibition excitation rebound burst TC activation burst low threshold calcium channel inhibition excitation r e b o u n d b u r s t
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Spindle Circuit TC RT TC RT inhibition inhibition
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Spindle Circuit TC RT TC RT TC RT Network 100 millisec Sleep Spindle
inhibition excitation activation burst rebound 100 millisec Sleep Spindle 100mV 0.5s Sleep Spindle
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Spindle Circuit TC RT TC RT TC RT Network inhibition excitation
activation burst rebound inhibition excitation activation burst r e b o u n d b u r s t 100 millisec Sleep Spindle 100mV 0.5s Sleep Spindle 500mV 0.5s Seizure
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Spindle Circuit RT RT TC TC receptor Network inhibition excitation
Na+ K+ Cl- Ca2+ Network RT inhibition excitation activation burst rebound inhibition excitation activation burst r e b o u n d b u r s t receptor TC 100 millisec Sleep Spindle 100mV 0.5s Sleep Spindle 500mV 0.5s Seizure
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Spindle Circuit RT RT TC TC receptor Network inhibition excitation
Na+ K+ Cl- Ca2+ Network RT inhibition excitation activation burst rebound inhibition excitation activation burst r e b o u n d b u r s t receptor TC 100 millisec Sleep Spindle 100mV 0.5s Sleep Spindle 500mV 0.5s Seizure
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Which one is Boston?:
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Neuronal Networks: Summary
100 millisec theta rhythm 10 millisec gamma rhythm combination Brain Rhythms delta rhythm 1 sec beta rhythm N2 wake N1 N3 REM 100 millisec thalamus Sleep Spindle TC RT receptor Na+ K+ Cl- Ca2+ Channels are Everywhere TC membrane potential -75mV -50mV -25mV 0mV -100mV rest open closed de-inactivated & but ready to open (primed) inactivated Low Threshold Calcium Channel TC RT GABA GABA receptor inhibitory (ipsp) action potential postsynaptic potential low threshold calcium spike Channels Drive Activity TC RT Connections Modulate Networks
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