1. Ionic vs. Covalent Bonding and Intermolecular Forces
Foothill Chemistry

2. Ionic vs. Covalent Bond
Ionic Bond - Chemical bonding that results from the electrical attraction between cations and anions (opposites attract)
Covalent Bond – Chemical bonding from the sharing of electron pairs between two atoms (atomic tug of war)
Most bonding is somewhere between ionic and covalent, depending on the strength of the atoms for attracting electrons.

3. Using Electronegativity to Predict Bond Character
You’ve seen it before, you’ll see it again
Calculate the difference in electronegativity between atoms to determine bond character

4. Molecular Compounds (Covalently Bonded Compounds)
The composition of a compound is given by its chemical formula.
A chemical formula indicates the relative numbers of atoms of each kind in a chemical compound by using atomic symbols and numerical subscripts.
A molecular formula shows the types and numbers of atoms combined in a single molecule of a molecular compound.

5. Ionic Compounds
An ionic compound is composed of positive and negative ions that are combined so that the numbers of positive and negative charges are equal. (The sum of the ionic charges = zero.)
In contrast to a molecular compound, an ionic compound is not composed of independent, neutral units that can be isolated.
The chemical formula of an ionic compound represents not molecules, but the simplest ratio of the compound’s ions.
A formula unit is the simplest collection of atoms from which an ionic compound’s formula can be established.

6. Crystal Lattice – Ionic Compounds
In an ionic crystal, ions minimize their potential energy by combining in an orderly arrangement known as a crystal lattice.
Attractive forces exist between oppositely charged ions within the lattice.
Repulsive forces exist between like-charged ions within the lattice.
The combined attractive and repulsive forces within a crystal lattice determine:
the distances between ions
the pattern of the ions’ arrangement in the crystal

7. Crystal Lattices

8. Ionic Bond Strength
Lattice Energy – Amount of energy released when one mole of an ionic crystalline compound is created from gaseous ions

9. Chemical Formulae Molecular Formula – Covalent Compound
Formula Unit – Ionic Compound
Chemical Formula – Umbrella Term for Both
Other Types of Formulae (Formulas)
Lewis Structure
Structural Formula - Like a Lewis structure, but does not show electrons
Empirical Formula – Shows the composition of a compound in terms of the simplest ratio of atoms

10. Intermolecular Forces
Forces of attraction between molecules (not just atoms)
Weaker than the bonding forces of molecular compounds (covalent bonds)
Weaker than the bonding forces of ions in ionic compounds (attractive forces)
Weaker than the bonding forces in metal atoms in metal solids (metallic bonds)
The boiling points of various molecules give an estimation of the relative strength of the intermolecular force. The higher the boiling point, the stronger the intermolecular force.

11. Relative Boiling Points

12. Dipole
The strongest intermolecular forces exist between polar molecules.
Because of their uneven charge distribution, polar molecules have dipoles. A dipole is created by equal but opposite charges that are separated by a short distance.
The direction of a dipole is from the dipole’s positive pole to its negative pole
A dipole is represented by an arrow with its head pointing toward the negative pole and a crossed tail at the positive pole. The dipole created by a hydrogen chloride molecule is indicated as follows:
H – Cl

13. Polar vs. Nonpolar Molecules

14. Dipole-Dipole Force
The negative region in one polar molecule attracts the positive region in adjacent molecules. So the molecules all attract each other from opposite sides
Dipole-dipole forces act at short range, only between nearby molecules.

15. Hydrogen Bonding
A hydrogen atom that is bonded to a highly electronegative atom is attracted to an unshared pair of electrons of an electronegative atom in a nearby molecule.

16. London Dispersion Forces
The weakest of the intermolecular forces.
Occurs with all molecule types, even noble gases and nonpolar molecules.
Result from the constant motion of electrons and the creation of instantaneous dipoles.
The London dispersion forces increase as the number of electrons in that atoms or molecules increase (higher forces for bigger atoms).