1. Personality
Psychology 1001
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2. introduction Up to this point we have talked about similarities
Personality deals with individuality
Where does it come from?
Lots of ideas
Lots of ways to study differences
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3. Freud’s Psychoanalysis
Big influence in earlier years
Not as big today MD
Lotsa people were sick, but he could no diagnose them with traditional methods
Studied hypnosis
Developed free association
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4. Free Association Supposedly, it leads to the unconscious
Stuff we aren’t aware of
Memories
Thoughts
Desires
Some things are temporarily in some sort of preconscious areas
Also from dreams, slips of the tongue etc
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5. Personality development according so Siggy
Our personality arises from struggles between pleasures and restrictions
Satisfaction without punishment
There are three subsystems that make sure that we accomplish this
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6. The three systems Id Ego Superego Unconscious nasty psychic energy
Operates on the pleasure principle
Ego
Gratify id in a reasonable way
Reality principle
Superego
Our conscience
Sort of the arch enemy of the id
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7. Development
According to Freud we go through a series of psychosexual stages where the id focuses on different erogenous zones, this forms our personality
Oral stage, first 18 months
Anal stage, 18 months – 3 years
Phallic stage 3-6 years
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8. Icky stuff During the phallic stage we go though the Oedipus complex
Resolved through identification
Girls have penis envy…..
Latency until puberty
Genital stage Is mature sexuality
We fixate on stages with unresolved conflicts
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9. Defense mechanisms We use these to get though daily life Repression
Regression
Reaction formation
Projection
Rationalization
Displacement
All are unconscious
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10. Freud was whacked There were dissenters Erikson Jung
Get at unconscious with the Rorschach test or the TAT
These tests are about as reliable as the farmer’s almanac…
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11. So, what do modern psychologists think of this crap, err, this theory
Dreams?
Repression
Unconscious
Early development vs. life long change?
Biggest problem is that it is all post hoc
No prediction
NOT A SCIENTIFIC THEORY
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12. Trait perspective
Maybe, instead of worrying about the unconscious, we could worry about the conscious?
Could try classifying people
Doesn’t work all that well
Describing?
Eysenck’s ideas
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13. The Big 5 Emotional stability Extroversion Openness Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
There may be more, but you get the idea
Assessed with questionnaires
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14. Personality inventories
MMPI
Empirically driven
Make predictions
Objective vs. projective tests
You can catch a cheater
Are people consistent?
Situation important too
Epstein (1983)
Overall style vs. given behaviour
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15. Humanistic approach Sort of holistic Mazlow Self-actualization
Fulfilling our potential
Mazlow studied the successful
Self-accepting
Courage to be different
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16. Carl Rogers Hi views were pretty similar “People are generally good”
Need to be in a growth promoting environment
Genuineness
Acceptance
empathy
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17. Humanism Unconditional positive regard
Self concept, positive or negative, is valued
How do you measure this stuff?
Questionnaires?
Interviews?
Self-esteem has been looked at quite a bit
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18. Self-esteem Feelings of self worth
Higher self esteem, better day to day life
Happier
Less drug use
Sleep better
Less of those, more likely to be depressed
Maybe goes in the other direction?
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19. Esteem Not only in one direction
Make someone feel lousy, they are more likely to act like a jerk
Minorities don’t have lower self esteem
Most people have pretty high self esteem
Self serving bias
Not that surprising, but don’t push it to the delusional
Pretty Western-centric
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20. Humanism is another ism
Very influential ideas
Self esteem, self worth a big ides, important in education
But….
Vague
Self actualization = self indulgence?
People probably are NOT basically good
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21. Social Cognitive Perspective
Overt
Behaviour
Importance of the effect of external events on our behaviour
Reciprocal determinism
Locus of control is another big issue
Personal Factors
Environment
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22. Social cognition Learned helplessness is the ultimate in external LOC
Past behaviour predicts future behaviour
Biggest criticism is that traits are ignored
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23. conclusions People are consistent Can be measured Freud was nuts
Situation plays a role too
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