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Have you ever considered that the cereal you eat is brought to you each morning by the wind?
Or that the clear, cold, clean water drawn from your faucet may have been purified for you by a wetland?
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Trees in your front yard work to trap dust, dirt and harmful gases from the air you breathe.
The medicine you take to ease a fever, or the achy muscles from a cold comes to you from Nature’s warehouse of services.
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3. Biodiversity
Components of…

4. Biodiversity—Components
Species Diversity
Genetic Diversity
Ecosystem Diversity
Scientists will look at all these different factors to determine the biodiversity of an area.
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5. Lower Species Diversity Higher Species Diversity
number of species in a given area.
An island with 2 bird species and 1 lizard species is more diverse than an island with 3 bird species.
It’s numbers of species as well as categories of organisms.
Lower Species Diversity
Higher Species Diversity
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6. A few of the hundreds of rice varieties found in India.
Genetic diversity
Variations of genes within a species.
Lots of distinct populations within a species (lots of varieties of rice in India--all from same species)
Genetic Variation within the population as a whole (high in Indian rhinos, low in cheetahs)
A few of the hundreds of rice varieties found in India.
Some genetic diversity in potatoes …
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7. Coniferous Forest meeting a meadow
Ecosystem diversity
Variety of ecosystems within an area.
Wisconsin has about 9 different ecosystems, other states only have about 3, some >14, etc.
Very hard to measure due to overlapping boundary areas also called ecotones.
Coniferous Forest meeting a meadow
Ocean meeting a beach
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8. Biodiversity
Ecosystem Services

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Ecosystem Services
Moderating weather events…
Lessen the effects of droughts and floods
Protect streams/rivers and coastal shores from erosion
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Weather Events, egs
Plant roots can help buffer shores from erosion, holding the soil in place.
Large trees can shade the understory plants from the sun’s rays, helping them sustain a long period of drought.
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11. Flood protection—WORTH?
Mississippi River Valley
Humans drained the wetlands and altered stream channels. The wetlands have been controlling flooding for millennia.
1993 floods: billion dollars
Hurricane Katrina: billion dollars
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Ecosystem Services
Maintain Soil quality
healthy bacteria, algae, fungi, mites, millipedes and worms help cycle nutrients
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Ecosystem Services
Maintain Air quality
plants purify the air and filter harmful particles out of the air
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Ecosystem Services
Maintain Water quality
variety of vegetation reduces erosion and purifies water by removing (using or absorbing) nutrients and pollution
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15. Ecosystem Services—WORTH?
Water Purification
When NYC had altered its ecosystem to eliminate the natural landscape, their water quality plummeted.
It would have cost them 6-8 billion PLUS 300 million per year to install water treatment plants…
They instead restored the ruined landscape at a cost of $660 million.
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Ecosystem Services
Detoxify and decompose wastes
Many geochemical cycles (water cycle, nitrogen cycle, carbon cycle) rely on microorganisms to decompose waste products to
be used again
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17. Ecosystem Services Control agricultural pests
Intercropping cocoa plants with coconut trees.
Control agricultural pests
most crop pests can be controlled by other organisms for a longer period of time – helpful because many pests become resistant to synthetic pesticides
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18. Ecosystem Services—WORTH?
Pollination
1/3 of human food comes from plants pollinated by wild pollinators
Over 100,000 different animals—including bats, bees, flies, moths, beetles, birds and butterflies—provide FREE pollination services
This service would cost the US alone 4 – 6 billion dollars per year!
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Ecosystem Services
Disperse seeds
Many plants rely on the wind or animals to disperse their seeds.
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20. Ecosystem Services—WORTH?
Medicines
80% of the world’s population relies upon natural medicinal products.
Of the top 150 prescription drugs in the US, 118 originate from natural sources:
74% from plants
18% from fungi
9 of the top 10 drugs come from natural plant products
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Ecosystem Services
Photosynthesis!
Plants convert the sun’s energy into energy the rest of the world’s organisms can use. Without this service, there would be no life on the planet!
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Ecosystem Services
Gas exchange
Plants and animals continuously cycle gases among themselves, the soil and the air.
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23. Ecosystem Services—Threats
Easy to take for granted, but human actions can limit or destroy these services
Growth in the human enterprise (population, consumption of goods, effects of technologies)
Looking to short term gain as opposed to long term health of society
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24. Ecosystem Services—Threats
The HIPPO Dilemma
H—Habitat destruction/fragmentation
I—Invasive species
P—Population growth of HUMANS
P—Pollution
O--Overconsumption
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25. Habitat Destruction/Fragmentation
Changing a habitat to suit human needs…for housing, farming, etc.
This displaces animals/plants. As the human population grows, so does habitat destruction!
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Fragmentation
Breaking up large habitats into smaller habitats.
Creates an “edge” habitat where “inner” habitat used to be. Some plants and animals cannot adapt to these changes.
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Invasive Species
Oftentimes, invasive species out-compete native species resulting in disruption of the ecosystem and food chain. Many native organisms are becoming endangered by this!
Any organism that has been relocated somewhere other than its original habitat.
Synonyms include:
Introduced species, non-native species, exotic species and alien species
Zebra Mussel
Asian Beetle
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28. Population growth of Humans
Increasing population means greater demand for food, shelter, fuel and water.
This often leads to habitat loss, pollution, resource scarcity and overconsumption (in areas with enough money)
Humans are coming into greater (more frequent) contact with previously wild areas with high biodiversity
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Pollution
Pollution can alter the habitat to the point where some plants and animals will not be able to adapt.
Global Climate Change--many species are intolerant to changes in temperature--affects feeding relationships and breeding patterns.
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Pollution
Acid rain/Air pollution-these types of issues do not respect borders. US acid rain fell in Canada destroying sugar maple forests which upset the amount/quality of maple syrup produced.
Pesticide runoff—frequently pesticides will degrade an environment for most organisms in that ecosystem.
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Overconsumption
Individuals consuming many more resources than are needed to survive – sometimes even more than is needed for a high standard of life
Industrialized nations make up 25% of the world’s population, but use 75% of its resources.
US makes up only 5% of world’s pop--causes 33% of world’s pollution!
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