1. Lecture (9)
Frequency Analysis
and
Probability Plotting

2. Flood Frequency Analysis
Statistical Methods to evaluate probability exceeding a particular outcome - P (X >20,000 cfs) = 10%
Used to determine return periods of rainfall or flows
Used to determine specific frequency flows for floodplain mapping purposes (10, 25, 50, 100 yr)
Used for datasets that have no obvious trends
Used to statistically extend data sets

3. Basics of Probabilistic Prediction of Peak Events
“What has happened and the frequency of events in a record are the best indicators of what can happen and its probability of happening in the future.”
Requires a hydrological record at a station.
The record is analyzed to estimate the probability of events of various sizes, as if they were independent of one another.
Then it is extrapolated to larger, rarer floods.
BUT most hydrologic records are short and non-stationary (i.e. conditions of climate and watershed condition change during the recording period). Magnitude of this problem varies, but needs to be checked in each case.

4. Return Period (Recurrence Interval)
It is the average period in which a certain magnitude of a hydrological event will be once equalled or exceeded.
the Weibull formula
mi is the rank of the ith event in a set of n events
Tr is the recurrence interval (yr). The long-term average interval
between events greater than Qi

5. Return period (Recurrence interval) cont.
E.g. if the probability of exceeding 20 m3/sec in any year at a station is 0.01,
It means that: there should be on average 10 events larger than 20 m3/sec in 1000 years, if the conditions affecting events at the site do not change.
The average recurrence interval between events is 100 years, so we refer to such a discharge as “the 100-year event”.
The events will not occur regularly every 100 years

6. How to compute the Return Period
1. Arrange the data in ascending or descending order of magnitude ignoring their chronological sequence.
2. Each observation in the data has the same relative frequency of occurrence.
3. For n observations, fr=1/n.
4. For the min value of data we assign 100%.
5. For the next smallest of the data we assign 100%- (1/n)*100%.
6. Next, 100%- 2(1/n)*100%, …, etc. and end up of (1/n)*100% at the max value.
Conversely, we can do the same form the max value to the min value (ascending).

7. Flood Frequency Curve
a flood-frequency curve: It is a plot of the calculated values of Tr against Qi.

8. Plotting Position
It is related to the the return period. It can be expressed in terms of relative frequency of occurrence or the probability that a hydrological event of a given magnitude will occur.
The plotting position should satisfy some conditions (Gumbel, 1960):
The probability that the magnitude of a hydrological variable, X, equals or exceeds an indicated value, a, once in a return period of Tr years is,
2. The probability should be as close as possible to the observed frequency.
3. Neither zero or one.

9. Methods to compute p and Tr
Where,
m = rank or order of X (m=1 for the largest value, 2 for the second largest value, …, n for the smallest value.
n= sample size.

10. Methods to compute p and Tr (Cont.)

11. Choosing Theoretical Probability Distribution of an Event
Note that this procedure involves fitting a theoretical probability distribution to an observed sample drawn from an imaginary (but not well-understood) population
The “true” theoretical probability distribution of the events is not known, and we have no reason to believe it is simple or has only 1 or parameters.
Plotting the data set on various types of graph paper with different scales, designed to represent various theoretical probability distributions as straight lines, yields graphs of different shapes, which when extrapolated beyond the limits of measurement predict a range of events.

12. Normal Probability Paper
Normal Prob Paper converts the Normal CDF S curve into a straight line on a prob scale

13. Log-normal Probability Paper

14. Weibull Probability Paper

15. Example 1

16. Example 2

17. Graphical Plot of Richmond Data

18. Example 3 Year Rank Ordered cfs 1940 1 42,700 1925 2 31,100 1932 3
20,700
1966 4
19,300
1969 5
14,200
1982 6
1988 7
12,100
1995 8
10,300
2000 ……
…….

19. Flood frequency plots of same record on different probability papers
Log-extreme value paper
Gumbel Type III
Log-probability paper

20. How to Choose a Theoretical Probability Distribution ?
One common approach to choice of flood frequency plotting paper is to choose one on which the observed data plot as a straight line that can be extrapolated to estimate rare, large events.
A second is to choose one of the common ones, but this still leads to different predictions among analysts

21. Some Guidelines Take Mean and Variance (S.D.) of ranked data
Take Skewness Cs of data (3rd moment about mean)
If Cs near zero, assume normal dist’n
If Cs large, convert Y = Log x - (Mean and Var of Y)
Take Skewness of Log data - Cs(Y)
If Cs near zero, then fits Lognormal
If Cs not zero, fit data to Log Pearson III

22. Siletz River Example 75 data points
Original Q
Y = Log Q
Mean
20,452
4.2921
Std Dev
6089
0.129
Skew
0.7889
Coef of Variation
0.298
0.03

23. Siletz River Example - Fit Normal and LogN
Normal Distribution Q = Qm + z SQ
Q100 = (6089) = 34,620 cfs
Mean z (S.D.)
Where z = std normal variate - tables
Log N Distribution Y = Ym + k SY
Y100 = (0.129) =
k = freq factor and Q = 10Y = 39,100 cfs

24. Log Pearson Type III Y = Ym + k SY
K is a function of Cs and Recurrence Interval
Table 3.4 lists values for pos and neg skews
For Cs = -0.15, thus K = 2.15
Y100 = (0.129) = 4.567
Q = 10Y = 36,927 cfs for LP III
Plot several points on Log Prob paper

25. LogN Prob Paper for CDF
What is the prob that flow exceeds     some given value yr value
Plot data with plotting position    formula P = m/n+1 , m = rank, n = #
Log N dist’n plots as straight line

26. LogN Plot of Siletz R.
Mean
Straight Line Fits Data Well

27. Siletz River Flow Data Various Fits of CDFs LP3 has curvature
LN is straight line

28. Risk Assessment (Binomial Distribution)
The probability of getting x successes followed by n-x failures
is the product of prob of n independent events: px (1-p)n-x
This represents only one possible outcome. The number of ways
of choosing x successes out of n events is the binomial coeff. The
resulting distribution is the Binomial or B(n,p).

29. Risk and Reliability
The probability of at least one success in n years, where the probability of success in any year is 1/T,
is called the RISK.
Prob success = p = 1/T and Prob failure = 1-p
RISK = 1-P(0)
= 1 - Prob(no success in n years)
= 1 - (1-p) n
= 1 - (1 - 1/T) n
Reliability = (1 - 1/T) n

30. Risk Example
What is the probability of at least one 50 yr flood in a 30 year advance period, where the probability of success in any year is P=1/T = 0.02
RISK = 1 - (1 - 1/T)n = 1 - ( )30
= 1 - (0.98)30 = or 46%
If this is too large a risk, then increase design level to the 100 year where p = 0.01
RISK = 1 - (0.99)30 = 0.26 or 26%