1. Anatomy and Physiology
Joints
Anatomy and Physiology

2. Synovial Joint Structure p20
Feature
Structure
Function
Ligament
Synovial Fluid
Articular Cartilage
Joint Capsule

3. Slippery fluid – egg-white consistency; in joint capsule
Feature
Structure
Function
Ligament
Band of fibrous tissue
Connect bone to bone
Synovial Fluid
Slippery fluid – egg-white consistency; in joint capsule
Reduce friction between articular surfaces in joint
Articular Cartilage
Glass-smooth cartilage; spongy and covers ends of bones in joint
Absorb shock and prevents friction between ends of bones
Joint Capsule
Tough fibrous tissue – 2 layers with fibrous capsule lying outside the synovial membrane
Fibrous capsule helps to strengthen the joint, synovial membrane lines the joint and secretes synovial fluid

5. Osteoarthritis Degeneration of articular cartilage.
Bones can then grow causing bones to rub.

6. “So why are we trying to encourage the next generation to take part in sport if it’s so bad for us?”
WHY DO IT?

7. Development of knowledge Page 39 of books
Using your understanding of osteoarthritis complete the table on benefits of physical activity as well as the negative elements that may be involved in participation in physical activity linked to osteoarthritis.
Positive of Physical activity
Negative of physical activity.

8. Stability and alignment
Increase in ligament strength increases stability.
Increase in exercise will increase surrounding muscle tone.

9. Movement patterns
Booklet task

10. TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINT (Freely Movable)

11. Joints and movements. Rotation Pivot joint
Each pair has a joint that they need to describe.
Actions that take place at the joint
Type of joint/ name of the joint
Sporting example relating to movement.
Bones that are articulating (moving)
Rotation
Pivot joint
Turning your head when swimming front crawl.
Atlas and Axis

12. Pairs Wrist Elbow Shoulder Spine Hip Knee Ankle
I’ll allocate one and then you pick another.
Put them on your paper and then place them on the board.
Make sure we can read it.

13. Movement patterns

14. Movements have a start & finish point – identify these to help you analyse the movement occurring in a picture.

15. FLEXION EXTENSION CIRCUMDUCTION When a limb bends.
The angle at the joint gets smaller.
To FLEX biceps, you BEND your arm!
Biceps are therefore FLEXORS, as they bend the arm.
Hamstrings are FLEXORS.
EXTENSION
When a joint or limb is straightened.
The triceps straighten the arm.
The quadriceps straighten the leg.
They are EXTENSORS.
CIRCUMDUCTION
When one end of the bone or limb stays in place, and they other moves in a circle.
Circling action as in bowling.

16. ROTATION ADDUCTION ABDUCTION
Turning head side to side is rotation (top 2 vertebrae).
Whole body can rotate about an imaginary axis (line) – during spin or somersault.
Wrist rotates due to pivot joint at elbow (screwdriver action).
ADDUCTION
Limbs move towards the centre line of the body.
Both legs and arms do this during the narrowing phase of a star jump.
You ADD together (bring limbs together)
ABDUCTION
Movement of limbs away from the centre line of the body.
You ABDUCT someone away from somewhere.
The outward phase of a star jump.

17. HORIZONTAL / SHOULDER FLEXION
PRONATION
The inward (medial) roll of the foot and in particular the heel and arch which occurs naturally at the heel strike as a cushioning mechanism.
motion of rotating towards the prone position
SUPINATION
The feet don't roll inward enough
‘Sole UP’! S..UP..ination
To turn or rotate so the palm is facing up.
HORIZONTAL / SHOULDER FLEXION
Moving arm forwards in horizontal plane

18. HORIZONTAL / SHOULDER EXTENSION
Returning arm to the abducted position
Lateral movement away from the midline of the body in a horizontal plane
PLANTAR-FLEXION
Hyperextending the ankle joint so toes point downwards
is the movement which increases the approximate 90 degree angle between the front part of the foot and the shin
DORSI-FLEXION
Bending ankle so that the toes are raised

19. LATERAL FLEXION LATERAL EXTENSION PROTRACTION
Bending body sideways (frontal plane)
LATERAL EXTENSION
Returning body to anatomical position
PROTRACTION
Moving the scapula away from the spinal column

20. Scapula moves towards the spinal column
Depression
Movement of shoulder girdle from an elevated position to the anatomical position (inferior movement)
Elevation
Superior movement of the shoulder girdle

21. Anatomical terminology

22. Anatomical terminology
Anterior or ventral:
Posterior or dorsal:
Superior:
Inferior:
Medial:
Lateral:
Superficial
Deep
Toward the front of the body
Toward the back of the body
A part above another part
A part below another part
Toward the midline (median plane) of the body
Away from the midline of the body; toward the sides
Near the surface
Below the surface
Anatomical terminology

23. 10 mark Question
Critically evaluate the impact of physical activity and participation in lifelong physical activity on bones and joints.

24. Plan for essay White boards plan as a group.
Look at all the points possible.
Note the key points
Make reference to physical activity as this is the subject qualifier.
Note the command word (evaluate) depth or both sides.
White boards plan as a group.

25. Homework
Completion of the booklet up to muscle pairings.