1. DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION A Darwinian View of Life AP BIOLOGY Chapter 22
Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

2. WHO INFLUENCED DARWIN’S THINKING
Figure 22.2
Linnaeus (classification)
Hutton (gradual geologic change)
Lamarck (species can change)
Malthus (population limits)
Cuvier (fossils, extinction)
Lyell (modern geology)
Darwin (evolution, nutural selection)
Mendel (inheritance)
Wallace (evolution, natural selection)
1750
American Revolution
French Revolution
U.S. Civil War
1800
1850
1900
1795
Hutton proposes his theory of gradualism.
1798
Malthus publishes “Essay on the Principle of Population.”
1809
Lamarck publishes his theory of evolution.
1830
Lyell publishes Principles of Geology.
1831–1836
Darwin travels around the world on HMS Beagle.
Darwin begins his notebooks on the origin of species.
1837
Darwin writes his essay on the origin of species.
1844
Wallace sends his theory to Darwin.
1858
The Origin of Species is published.
1859
Mendel publishes inheritance papers.
1865
Image from: AP BIOLOGY by Campbell and Reece

3. Species are fixed (unchanging) BUT recognized similarities
Image from:
Aristotle- ( B.C.)
Species are fixed (unchanging)
BUT recognized similarities
Arranged life forms on a scale of increasing complexity
scala natura- “scale of nature”

4. Binomial Nomenclature: Naming system that gives organisms a
Image from:
Founder of TAXONOMY-1735
Science of grouping & naming
Sought to discover order in the diversity of life “for the greater glory of God”
Each creature was special- NO evolutionary link
Devised classification system based on morphology (form and structure)
( )
Binomial Nomenclature: Naming system that gives organisms a
two part scientific name- Genus species
Still used today

5. LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM Nested hierarchy
Taxon = classification unit to which organisms are assigned
Ex:
Panthera is a taxon at the genus level
Mammalia is a taxon at the class level

6. Kidspiration by Riedell Image Sources: see end of show

7. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Animalia Chordata
Kids Prefer Cheese Over Fried Green Spinach
Kings Play Chess On Fat Green Stools
King Phillip Cried Oh For Goodness Sake!
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus Species
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Felidae
Panthera
leo

8. GENUS = group of closely related species
(Includes many kinds of bears)
SPECIES = unique to each kind of bear
GENUS = Ursus
Ursus arctos
Ursus maritimus
Ursus americanis

9. Homo sapiens Homo sapiens
Genus and species assignments provide 2 part scientific name
Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens
Image from:

10. Modern Taxonomy has added more Kingdoms AND more levels (DOMAINS)
Linneaus only used 2 kingdoms (Plants & Animals)
Domains are larger than Kingdoms and are based on the differences in ribosomal RNA

11. Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking: George Cuvier –
Father of Paleontology
ANTI-EVOLUTONIST
Fossils are remains of
extinct life forms
“CATASTROPHISM” -
boundaries represent floods, droughts, etc. that destroyed many species living at that time

12. Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking: 1795 –James Hutton “GRADUALISM”
Profound changes can result
from cumulative effect of
slow but continuous
processes
Proposed that the Earth was shaped by
geological forces occurring over very long
periods of time, and is MILLIONS not
THOUSANDS of years old.

13. Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking: 1833-Charles Lyell
Incorporated Hutton’s ideas into
“UNIFORMITARIANISM”
Geological processes that
shaped Earth are still
operating at same rate.
Darwin read his book on the Beagle voyage

14. MODERN GEOLOGY

15. Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking: Thomas Malthus (1798)
Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking:
Thomas Malthus (1798)
wrote essay on population growth
Human suffering (disease, famine, homelessness, and war) are consequences to human population increasing faster than food and other resources

16. Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking: Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829)
Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking:
Jean Baptiste Lamarck ( )
One of first scientists to recognize
that living things changed over time
and that all species were descended
from other species.
1809- Published his ideas about “Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics” the year Darwin was born

17. INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS
The male fiddler crab uses its
front claw to attract mates and
ward off predators.
“USE or DISUSE” = Use it or lose it
Through repeated use, the front
claw becomes larger.
The fiddler passes on this acquired characteristic to its offspring

18. What’s wrong with Lamarck’s hypothesis?
Lamarck didn’t know about
genes and how traits are inherited.
Acquired traits are not passed on to offspring
Or are they? New field of EPIGENETICS is exploring this

19. What’s right with Lamarck’s hypothesis?
Lamarck was first to
develop a scientific
hypothesis about
evolution and recognize
that organisms are
adapted to their
environment

20. Slide by Kim Foglia@ http://www.explorebiology.com/

21. Who Was Charles Darwin?
In 1831, 22-year old Charles Darwin left England as naturalist aboard the HMS Beagle for 5 year voyage around the world.
Mission: Chart the South American coastline
Darwin noticed plants
and animals were different
from those he knew in Europe
Wrote thousands of pages
of observations and
collected vast number of
specimens

22. Who Was Charles Darwin?
Darwin spent a month observing life on the Galapagos Islands
Each island has different rainfall
and vegetation and its own unique
assortment of plant and animal
species.
Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

23. Who Was Charles Darwin? Although animals on Galapagos
resemble species on the
South American mainland,
many species were found no
where else in the world = ENDEMIC

24. DARWIN’S
FINCHES
Darwin collected 14 species of finches and hypothesized that the Galapagos had be colonized by organisms from the mainland that had then diversified on the various

25. Who Was Charles Darwin?
After Darwin returned to England in 1836, he spent years examining specimens he brought back from voyage and filling notebooks with his ideas.
He did not rush to publish his ideas because they
disagreed with the fundamental scientific views of his
day.
In 1844 he wrote an essay describing his ideas and
asked his wife to publish it if he died.

26. In 1858 Alfred Russel Wallace, another
Naturalist working in the West Indies,
wrote an essay describing his work that
summarized the same ideas Darwin had
been thinking about for 25 years!

27. Suddenly Darwin had incentive to publish the results of his work!
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
presented evidence
and proposed a
mechanism for evolution
that he called
NATURAL SELECTION