1. States of Consciousness (Unit 5) and Personality (Unit 10)
AP Exam Review #3
States of Consciousness (Unit 5) and Personality (Unit 10)

2. States of Consciousness Top Ten (2-4%)
Circadian Rhythm
Sleep Stages and Cycle
Sleep Deprivation
Sleep Disorders
Dreams
Hypnosis
How do Psychoactive Drugs Work?
Psychoactive Drug Categories and Types
Near-Death Experiences

3. 1. Freud’s States of Consciousness

4. 2. Circadian Rhythm Periodic psychological fluctuations
controlled by your “biological clock”
Circadian rhythm - regular bodily rhythms that occur in a 24-hour period

5. 3. Sleep Stages and Cycle
Sleep - periodical, natural, reversible loss of consciousness
5 Stages (90 min cycles) 1 2 3 4
REM
Awake/relaxed
Just before you fall asleep
Alpha waves

7. 4. Sleep Deprivation

8. 5. Sleep Disorders
Insomnia - Recurring problems in falling/staying asleep
Narcolepsy - Uncontrollable sleep attacks by falling into REM sleep at inappropriate times
Sleep Apnea - Temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings
Night Terrors - High arousal and an appearance of being terrified

9. 6. Dreams Lucid Dreaming To satisfy unconscious wishes (Freud)
Manifest content – the remembered storyline of a dream
Latent content – the underlying meaning of a dream
Unconscious drives and wishes that would be threatening if expressed directly
Dream Theories –
Information processing (to file away memories)
To develop/preserve neural pathways.
Activation synthesis theory (to make sense of neural static)
To reflect cognitive development.

10. 7. Hypnosis
A social interaction in which one person (hypnotist) suggests to another (subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
Power of hypnosis lies in the subject’s openness to suggestion
Post-hypnotic suggestion
Hypnotic analgesia
Imagined perception

11. Theories of Hypnosis

12. 8. How do Psychoactive Drugs Work?
Addiction - Compulsive drug craving and use
Tolerance – the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect.
Neuroadaption – the brain adapts its chemistry to offset the drug
Withdrawal – the discomfort and distress that follows discontinuing the use of an addictive drug (aches, nausea, distress)
Dependence
Physical dependence – a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued
Psychological dependence – a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions

13. 9. Drug categories and Types
Depressants – slow the activity of the nervous system and give people a sense of relaxation but can have negative effects
Alcohol
Barbituates/Tranquilizers
Heroin
Stimulants – increase the activity of the nervous system and speed up the heart and breathing rate.
Nicotine
Amphetamines
Cocaine
Ecstacy
Hallucinogens – drug that produces hallucinations, can cause relaxation or feelings of pleasure and sometimes feelings of panic.
Marijuana
LSD

14. 10. Near-Death Experiences
An altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death; often similar to drug- induced hallucinations
Replay of memories
Out-of-body sensations
Vivid visions of tunnels and bright lights
1/3 of people who have had a brush with death report having a near-death experience

15. Personality Top Ten (5-7%)
Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theory
Id, Ego, Superego
Defense Mechanisms
Projective Tests
Humanistic Theory
Trait Theory
Personality Inventories
Social-Cognitive Theory
Personal Control
The Self

16. 1. Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theory
Psychoanalytic theory - explored ideas about the unconscious regions of the mind, psychosexual stages, and defense mechanisms for coping with anxiety
Free association - a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.
Psychosexual Stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital)
Neo-Freudians – Adler, Horney, Jung (collective unconscious)

17. Freud’s Psychosexual Stages (According to Freud…) pg. 482
Focus
Oral
0-18 months
Pleasure centers on the mouth – suckling, biting, chewing
Anal
18-36 months
Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination – coping with demands for control (potty-training)
Phallic
3-6 years
Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings
Boys develop an Oedipus complex – a boy’s sexual desires towards his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.
Girls develop a similar Electra complex
Latency
6-puberty
Dormant sexual feelings
Children cope with threatening sexual feelings and develop identification – the process by which children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos.
Identification with same-sex parents produces gender identity
Genital
Puberty +
Maturation of sexual interests

18. 2. Id, Ego, Superego
Personality = conflict between aggressive, pleasure-seeking biological impulses and the internalized restraints against them.
Id – unconscious energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive tendencies (pleasure principle)
Ego - mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality (reality principle)
Superego - internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (voice of conscience)

19. 3. Defense Mechanisms
The constant conflict between the id and superego leads the ego to fear losing control  unfocused anxiety.
Defense mechanisms – in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.
Projection
Reaction Formation
Regression
Repression
Displacement
Rationalization

20. 4. Projective Tests
Projective test – a personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) – a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.
Rorschach inkblot test – set of 10 inkblots, designed to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.

21. 5. Humanistic Theory
Focuses on the ways “healthy” people strive for self-determination and self-realization.
Based in self-reporting of experiences and feelings
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Self-Actualization
Unconditional positive regard
Self-concept – all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who am I?”

22. 6. Trait Theory
Trait researchers attempt to define personality in terms of stable and enduring behavior patterns.
Trait – a characteristic pattern of behavior or disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self- report inventories and peer reports.
Concerned less with explaining individual traits and more with describing them.
Factor Analysis
Big Five (CANOE)

23. 7. Personality Inventories
Personality inventories – a questionnaire where people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) – the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests.

24. 8. Social-Cognitive Theory
Views behaviors as influenced by the interaction between person (and their thinking) and their social context.
Albert Bandura
Reciprocal determinism - the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors.
Social-cognitive researchers like to study people in realistic situations

25. 9. Personal Control
Our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless
external locus of control - the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one's personal control determine one's fate.
internal locus of control - the perception that one is in personal control of one's fate.
Optimism vs. Pessimism
An optimistic or pessimistic attributional style (the way of explaining events) can show how in control or helpless you feel.

26. 10. The Self
Possible selves - proposed by Hazel Markus and colleagues - your visions of the self you dream of being and the self you fear becoming.
Spotlight effect - overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunder
Self-esteem - one's feelings of high or low self worth.
Self-serving bias - A readiness to perceive oneself favorably.