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Nucleic Acids Information storage.

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Presentation on theme: "Nucleic Acids Information storage."— Presentation transcript:

1 Nucleic Acids Information storage

2 Nucleic Acids Function: genetic material stores information
genes blueprint for building proteins DNA  RNA  proteins transfers information blueprint for new cells blueprint for next generation DNA proteins

3 DNA  RNA  protein: information flow in a cell
1 2 3 Synthesis of mRNA in the nucleus Movement of mRNA into cytoplasm via nuclear pore Synthesis of protein NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM DNA mRNA Ribosome Amino acids Polypeptide

4 Nucleic Acids Examples: Structure: RNA (ribonucleic acid)
single helix DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) double helix Structure: monomers = nucleotides RNA

5 Nucleotides 3 parts nitrogen base (C-N ring) pentose sugar (5C)
ribose in RNA deoxyribose in DNA phosphate (PO4) group Nitrogen base I’m the A,T,C,G or U part! Are nucleic acids charged molecules? DNA & RNA are negatively charged: Don’t cross membranes. Contain DNA within nucleus Need help transporting mRNA across nuclear envelope. Also use this property in gel electrophoresis.

6 Types of nucleotides 2 types of nucleotides different nitrogen bases
Purine = AG Pure silver! 2 types of nucleotides different nitrogen bases purines double ring N base adenine (A) guanine (G) pyrimidines single ring N base cytosine (C) thymine (T) uracil (U)

7 Dangling bases? Why is this important?
Nucleic polymer Backbone sugar to PO4 bond phosphodiester bond new base added to sugar of previous base polymer grows in one direction N bases hang off the sugar-phosphate backbone Dangling bases? Why is this important?

8 Pairing of nucleotides
Nucleotides bond between DNA strands H bonds purine :: pyrimidine A :: T 2 H bonds G :: C 3 H bonds The 2 strands are complementary. One becomes the template of the other & each can be a template to recreate the whole molecule. Matching bases? Why is this important?

9 H bonds? Why is this important?
DNA molecule Double helix H bonds between bases join the 2 strands A :: T C :: G H bonds = biology’s weak bond • easy to unzip double helix for replication and then re-zip for storage • easy to unzip to “read” gene and then re-zip for storage H bonds? Why is this important?

10 A brief, explanatory film strip

11 Matching halves? Why is this a good system?
Copying DNA Replication 2 strands of DNA helix are complementary have one, can build other have one, can rebuild the whole when cells divide, they must duplicate DNA exactly for the new “daughter” cells Why is this a good system? Matching halves? Why is this a good system?

12 When does a cell copy DNA?
When in the life of a cell does DNA have to be copied? cell reproduction mitosis gamete production meiosis when cells divide, they must duplicate DNA exactly for the new “daughter” cells Why is this a good system?

13 DNA replication “It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material.” -James Watson & Francis Crick (1953) The greatest understatement in biology!

14 Watson and Crick … and… 1953 | 1962 Discovered & published in 1953
Nobel Prize in 1962: Watson, Crick, Wilkins

15 Maurice Wilkins… and… 1953 | 1962

16 Rosalind Franklin ( ) A chemist by training, Franklin had made original and essential contributions to the understanding of the structure of graphite and other carbon compounds even before her appointment to King's College. Unfortunately, her reputation did not precede her. James Watson's unflattering portrayal of Franklin in his account of the discovery of DNA's structure, entitled "The Double Helix," depicts Franklin as an underling of Maurice Wilkins, when in fact Wilkins and Franklin were peers in the Randall laboratory. And it was Franklin alone whom Randall had given the task of elucidating DNA's structure. The technique with which Rosalind Franklin set out to do this is called X-ray crystallography. With this technique, the locations of atoms in any crystal can be precisely mapped by looking at the image of the crystal under an X-ray beam. By the early 1950s, scientists were just learning how to use this technique to study biological molecules. Rosalind Franklin applied her chemist's expertise to the unwieldy DNA molecule. After complicated analysis, she discovered (and was the first to state) that the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA lies on the outside of the molecule. She also elucidated the basic helical structure of the molecule. After Randall presented Franklin's data and her unpublished conclusions at a routine seminar, her work was provided - without Randall's knowledge - to her competitors at Cambridge University, Watson and Crick. The scientists used her data and that of other scientists to build their ultimately correct and detailed description of DNA's structure in Franklin was not bitter, but pleased, and set out to publish a corroborating report of the Watson-Crick model. Her career was eventually cut short by illness. It is a tremendous shame that Franklin did not receive due credit for her essential role in this discovery, either during her lifetime or after her untimely death at age 37 due to cancer.

17 X-ray crystallography
X-ray diffraction pattern Photographic film Diffracted X-rays X-ray source X-ray beam Crystal Nucleic acid Protein (a) X-ray diffraction pattern (b) 3D computer model

18 James Watson Describes the Moment

19 Interesting note… Ratio of A-T::G-C affects stability of DNA molecule
2 H bonds vs. 3 H bonds biotech procedures more G-C = need higher T° to separate strands high T° organisms many G-C parasites many A-T (don’t know why) At the foundation of biology is chemistry!!

20 Another interesting note…
ATP Adenosine triphosphate modified nucleotide adenine (AMP) + Pi + Pi + +

21 Let’s build some DNA, baby!

22 Review Questions

23 What substance varies within a nucleotide of DNA?
Deoxyribose Nitrogenous Base Phosphate Group Ribose Sugar

24 All of the following bonds are correct EXCEPT: A Ξ T C Ξ G A Ξ U
I only II only III only I and II only I and III only

25 A sample of double-stranded DNA has equal numbers of
A. Adenine nucleotides and guanine nucleotides. B. Adenine nucleotides and cytosine nucleotides. C. Cytosine nucleotides and Thymine nucleotides. D. Purines and pyrimidines. E. Thymine and Uracil Molecules.

26 Macromolecule Review

27 Carbohydrates Structure / monomer Function Examples monosaccharide
energy raw materials energy storage structural compounds Examples glucose, starch, cellulose, glycogen glycosidic bond

28 Lipids Structure / building block Function Examples
glycerol, fatty acid, cholesterol, H-C chains Function energy storage membranes hormones Examples fat, phospholipids, steroids ester bond (in a fat)

29 Proteins Structure / monomer Function Examples amino acids
levels of structure Function enzymes u defense transport u structure signals u receptors Examples digestive enzymes, membrane channels, insulin hormone, actin peptide bond

30 Nucleic acids Structure / monomer Function Examples nucleotide
information storage & transfer Examples DNA, RNA phosphodiester bond

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