1. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

2. Where is our hereditary information located?
NUCLEUS - Contains genetic material
DNA - The genetic material
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Stores and transmits hereditary information
GENES – a segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait

3. A HISTORY OF DNA See Timeline p. 292-293
Frederick Griffith – Discovers that a factor in diseased bacteria can transform harmless bacteria into deadly bacteria (1928)
Vocab: Transformation – Process in which one strand of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria

4. Oswald Avery
Repeated Griffith's experiment focusing on specific molecules.
Concluded that DNA stores & transmits the genetic information from one generation to the next.

5. Hershey-Chase
Concluded that genetic material of the bacteriophage was DNA, not protein.
Vocab: Bacteriophages- virus that infects bacteria.

6. Rosalind Franklin - X-ray photo of DNA. (1952)
Watson and Crick - described the DNA molecule from Franklin’s X-ray. (1953)

7. Watson & Crick proposed…
DNA was made of 2 long stands of nucleotides arranged in a specific way called a “Double Helix”

8. DNA Double Helix “Rungs of ladder” Nitrogenous Base (A,T,G or C)
“Legs of ladder”
Phosphate &
Sugar Backbone

9. DNA Nucleotide O O=P-O N CH2 O C1 C4 C3 C2 Phosphate Group
Nitrogenous base
(A, G, C, or T)
CH2 O C1 C4 C3 C2 5
Sugar
(deoxyribose)

10. Nitrogenous Bases PURINES (Pure And Good) 1. Adenine (A)
2. Guanine (G)
PYRIMIDINES
3. Thymine (T)
4. Cytosine (C)
A or G
T or C

11. Chargaff’s Rule Adenine must pair with Thymine
Guanine must pair with Cytosine
Their amounts in a given DNA molecule will be about the same. T A G C

12. BASE-PAIRINGS C G
H-bonds T A

13. DNA Double Helix P O 1 2 3 4 5 S G C T A

14. DNA – The Double Helix 1. On a separate paper define these terms.
2. When finished show me & I will give you the double helix worksheet.
Transformation
Bacteriophage
Nucleotides
Base Pairing
Chromatin
Replication
Chromosomes
Gene
DNA polymerase
Messenger RNA
Ribosomal RNA
Transfer RNA
Promoters
Transcription
Codon
Translation
Differentiation
Mutation

15. Nucleic Acids Subunits is a nucleotide Contains C, H, O, N, and P
Function store & retrieve heritable information
Examples: DNA, RNA, & ATP

16. Nucleotides Function  Subunits energy carriers chemical messengers
building blocks of nucleic acids & coenzymes
Subunits
1 sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
1 phosphate group
1 nitrogen containing base

17. Examples of Nucleotides
ATP: adenosine triphosphate
3 phosphate groups attached to sugar
ATP is an energy carrier important to metabolism

18. Single strand of RNA
Nitrogen
Base
phosphate
sugar

19. Genetic Diversity…
Different arrangements of NUCLEOTIDES in a nucleic acid (DNA) provides the key to DIVERSITY among living organisms.

20. The Code of Life… A T C G T A T G C G G…
The “smallest segment ” in which our heredity is stored within our DNA is called the gene. (VOCAB)
The gene is a segment of DNA where the nucleotide bases are arranged in a SPECIFIC ORDER.
This is how our genetic information is stored; by the sequence of nucleotides that make up a gene.
A T C G T A T G C G G…

21. The Code Of Life:
Think of a gene just like a sentence in a textbook (DNA)
The arrangement of nucleotides (letters) makes up words that create a sentence with meaning (gene).
This is how our genetic information is stored within a molecule.

22. (a library of about 1,000 books)
AMAZING DNA FACTS…
DNA from a single human cell extends in a single thread for almost 2 meters long!!!
It contains information equal to some 600,000 printed pages of 500 words each!!!
(a library of about 1,000 books)

23. Get Your Bio-Chemistry Packet
Answer questions from Nucleic Acid Page
Cut off slip from page above and glue down a nucleotide.

24. Genes vs. DNA vs. Chromosomes

25. What is DNA? Get a computer from the back.
Go to
Complete What is DNA?, What is a Gene?, What is a Chromosome, What is a Protein?, What is Heredity?
When finished place Chrome books NEATLY back into the cart & PLUG THEM BACK IN!

26. DNA

27. DNA Replication
DNA must be copied - Why?
For reproduction - to pass along genetic information for next generation (meiosis)
For maintenance, growth and repair (mitosis)
The DNA molecule produces 2 IDENTICAL new complementary strands following the rules of base pairing: A-T, G-C
Each strand of the original DNA serves as a template for the new strand See p. 298

28. DNA Replication Occurs with ENZYMES!: Helicase: unzips the DNA
Hydrogen bonds between the nucleotides are broken
DNA Polymerase: builds the new DNA strands
Matches nucleotides according to base paring rules to the original DNA strands.
DNA Template
New DNA
Parental DNA

29. 1. Why is replication necessary? 2. When does replication occur?
Replication Quiz
1. Why is replication necessary?
2. When does replication occur?
3. Describe how replication works.
Use the base pairing rules to
create the complementary strand:
A---?
G---?
C---?
T---?

30. Replication Quiz A---T G---C C---G T---A
1. Why is replication necessary?
For Meiosis and Mitosis
Meiosis - to pass along our genetic information to our offspring.
Mitosis - for Growth, maintenance, and repair.
2. When does replication occur?
During interphase (S phase).
3. Describe how replication works.
Enzymes unzip DNA and complementary nucleotides join each original strand.
4. Use the complementary rule to
create the complementary strand:
A---T
G---C
C---G
T---A