1. -The Modern Civil Rights Movement -Developments in Georgia since 1970
SS8H11 and SS8H12
-The Modern Civil Rights Movement
-Developments in Georgia since 1970

2. William B. Hartsfield Brought the first airport to Atlanta in 1920s
Served as Mayor of Atlanta for 6 years
Led the city in pushing for civil rights moderation

3. Ivan Allen, Jr. Atlanta Mayor from 1962 – 1970
Continued integration efforts of Hartsfield
Brought sports teams to ATL to increase the image of the city and to bring in money

4. Ellis Arnall 1st Governor to serve a 4-year term Ended the Poll Tax
Lowered the voting age in GA to 18
1st state in US to do so
Lost re-election to Lester Maddox

5. 1946 Governors Race (Three Governors Controversy)
Eugene Talmadge won the County Unit Vote, but he was sick and dying…Some knew this and wrote his son Herman’s name on the ballot
In 1946, Ellis Arnall was the Governor when a new election took place..
Melvin Thompson was the Lt. Governor
Herman Talmadge
Claimed to be Gov. after his father’s death
James Carmichael won the Popular Vote
Eurith Rivers was the 3rd Democratic Candidate for Governor… He lost…

6. Three Governors Controversy
Carmichael wins popular vote
Talmadge wins the county unit vote
Talmadge becomes governor but he dies and his son Herman claims to be the governor which the General Assembly supports
Lt. Governor Melvin Thompson claims he should be the Governor since E. Talmadge died
Carmichael claims he should be governor since he won the popular vote
Herman locks himself in office declares himself governor!!
Thompson eventually becomes governor after the Supreme Court makes decision that the General Assembly acted unconstitutionally; He is governor until the state can hold a “special election”
Herman Talmadge won the “special election” ending the Three Governor Controversy

7. White Primaries and County Unit System
The county unit system allowed each county to have 1, single vote
Whomever got the most votes in the county, got the county’s Unit Vote
Only Democrats (white people) got to pick the candidate to run for office
Most African Americans supported the Republican Party – which was not allowed to have candidates in GA elections…
The popular vote did not determine the official winner of the election

8. White Primaries and County Unit System
Since there were more RURAL (Democratic) counties than there were URBAN (Republican) counties, the Rural Candidates won the election.
Example:
Urban Candidate Smart (R)
3,000,000 votes
3 counties
Rural Candidate Jones (D)
1,000,000 votes
156 counties
Jones wins… How?
The County Unit System was ruled unconstitutional in 1962
This gave rise to a Two-Party system in Georgia, and allowed more minority participation in government.

9. “One person, one vote”
After the Supreme Court ruled the County Unit System to be unconstitutional, the state of Georgia had to redraw the voting districts in order to guarantee that equal representation was present in the districts.
The state could not draw district lines around counties or areas in order to create white majorities or to exclude African Americans
The practice of redrawing voting districts is called REAPPORTIONMENT

10. Brown v. Board of Education
1950: 7 year old (African American) Linda Brown tried to enroll in a white school in Topeka, Kansas
She was denied admission based on the decision of the Plessy v. Ferguson case
Separate but Equal (segregation) legal
The NAACP, her father, and the parents of 8 other students sued the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
1954: The Supreme Court determined that “Separate-but-Equal” doctrine was Unconstitutional and Plessy v. Ferguson decision was overturned
Schools were ordered to desegregate “with all deliberate speed”
No official time table/date was set so many Southern states ignored the order

11. Herman Talmadge Governor of GA Restructured highway department
Created Georgia Forestry Commission
Passed Minimum Foundation Program for Education act
Extended school year to 9 months
Elected to US senate
Served from

12. 1956 State Flag
1956 State Flag
Georgia changed its flag to include the St. Andrew’s Cross
Used by many Confederate forces
Many citizens upset because it Symbolized the old racist south
Others want to keep Georgia history alive

13. Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929 – 1968)
Preacher & Activist
Led the SCLC
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Born and raised in Atlanta
Attended Booker T. Washington High school
1944 entered Morehouse College at the age of 15
1947 ordained at Ebenezer Baptist Church
1948 earned doctorate from Boston University

14. Martin Luther King, Jr. continued
Developed non-violent social change
Influenced by Jesus & Gandhi
4 prong approach to gaining civil rights
1. non-violent action
2. legal remedies
3. ballots
4. economic boycott

15. Martin Luther King, Jr. continued
Methods: Business boycotts, Sit-ins, Marches & Speeches
1963: March on Washington for jobs & freedom
1964: Pushed passage of the Civil Rights Act & was awarded Nobel Peace Prize for actions
1965 led march in Selma, Alabama to support voting rights
1965: Pushed congress to pass the Voting Rights Act
African Americans guaranteed the right to vote
April 4, 1968, James Earl Ray shot and killed King at the Lorraine Hotel in Memphis, Tennessee
King was there to support black sanitation workers who were protesting for equal wages

16. Assassination of Dr. King April 4, 1968

17. Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
Pronounced “snick”
Led by John Lewis
Students who fought for rights using non-violent methods
Conducted Sit-ins and Freedom Rides
People would sit down and refuse to move
Black & White college students would ride busses (like Greyhound) and sit beside each other
John Lewis mugshot after Mississippi Freedom Ride

18. Lunch counter sit-in Woolworth’s

19. Freedom Rides

20. John Lewis Born in Alabama to sharecropper parents Chairman of SNCC
Led the march from Selma to Montgomery on “Bloody Sunday” in 1956
Keynote speaker at the March on Washington
Active throughout the 50s-70s in Civil Rights
1981: Elected to Atlanta City Council
1986: Elected to the US House of Representatives, still serving today

21. Sibley Commission
1960: Six years after the Brown decision stated that schools could no longer be segregated…
Banker John Sibley held public hearings to see how people in GA felt about integration
2 out of 3 Georgians would rather see schools closed than integrated
Districts could choose when/if/how they wanted to integrate
Private schools are created

22. Hamilton Holmes & Charlayne Hunter to UGA
UGA’s first black students
Gov. Vandiver allowed it, but Holmes & Hunter had to have police escorts on campus
Students and other citizens shouted slurs, threw items
Charlayne Hunter becomes famous Newspaper & TV reporter
Hamilton Holmes becomes Phi Beta Kappa
Becomes Orthopedic Surgeon
Dies in 1995

23. Charlayne Hunter & Hamilton Holmes

24. Albany Movement 6 years after Brown v. Board Albany still segregated
“freedom riders” arrive to support
Albany Movement created to desegregate and get African Americans to vote
People arrested and jailed

25. March on Washington August 28, 1963 Political rally
Theme “jobs, justice and peace”
80% African American 20% white
King gives “I have a dream” speech

26. March on Washington Aug. 1963

27. Civil Rights Act 1964 Desegregated all public facilities Restaurants
Theaters
Hotels
Public recreation areas
Schools
Libraries

28. Civil Rights Act of 1964 signing

29. Lester Maddox Lester Maddox Ran for Mayor of Atlanta in 50s & 60s
Lost to Hartsfield & Allen, Jr.
Opened the Pickrick Cafeteria near GA Tech
Refused to serve African American customers
Closed café rather than integrate

30. Lester Maddox cont Ran for and was elected Governor in 1966
Last openly segregationist governor in GA history
As governor, he appointed more African Americans to government positions than all other governors combined! (???)
Earned support from white and black citizens for hosting “little people’s days”
Twice a month, citizens could meet with the governor to discuss issues/problems & he would direct them as to how to get assistance

31. Lester Maddox cont
He refused to fly the flags at half-mast after the death of MLK, Jr.
He opposed the civil rights platform of the Democratic Party in 1968
In 1970, he became the Lt. Governor to Governor Jimmy Carter, with whom he often clashed
He ran for governor again in 1974 but lost
He ran for President in 1976 but lost
Retired from politics and died of cancer at age of 87

32. Election of Maynard Jackson as Mayor of Atlanta
1st African American Mayor of southern city
Served as mayor two separate times
1973 – 1981 &
Morehouse Graduate
Expanded the Airport & MARTA
African American business thrived due to his efforts to provide contracts
Along with Billy Payne and Andrew Young, Jackson worked on the committee to bring the 1996 Olympics to GA
In 2003, there were discussions about Jackson running for the U.S. Senate, but his health would not allow that
He died that same year, and the airport was re-named Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport in honor of his influence and impact

33. Andrew Young and Georgia
Civil Rights leader & Pastor
Worked to register African Americans to vote and marched in several protest marches
1972: He became the 1st African American from GA elected to the US Congress since RECONSTRUCTION!
1977: Appointed U.S. Ambassador to the UN by President Jimmy Carter
Mayor of Atlanta after Jackson (1981 – 1988)
Elected by 80%
Worked with Billy Payne & Maynard Jackson to bring 1996 Olympics to GA
Revamped Atlanta Zoo
Andrew Young School of Policy State University

34. SS8H12: Developments in Georgia since 1970
SS8H12 Explain the importance of developments in Georgia since the late 20th century
Explain how the continued development of Atlanta under mayors Maynard Jackson and Andrew Young impacted the state.
Describe the role of Jimmy Carter in Georgia as state senator, governor, president, and past president.
Evaluate the short-term and long-term impacts of hosting the 1996 Olympics on Georgia’s economic and population growth.
Analyze Georgia’s role in the national and global economy of the 21st Century, with regard to tourism, Savannah port expansion, and the film industry

35. Jimmy Carter Only Georgian who has served as president of our country
Born in Plains, Georgia in 1924
Graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis
In 1962, Carter was elected to the Georgia senate and elected governor in 1970.
His views on civil rights and progressive ideas did not align with many Georgians.

36. Jimmy Carter continued
Announced his candidacy in 1976 for the Democratic presidential nomination
He defeated President Gerald R. Ford in November 1976 and served one term in office.

37. Jimmy Carter continued
Many accomplishments:
Reorganized the state’s executive branch
Appointed the 1st woman as a state judge
Worked to equalize funding for public schools across the state and expanded special education, vocational education, and pre-school education
Expanded state mental health services for Georgians.

38. Jimmy Carter’s Accomplishments
1978 Camp David Middle East Peace Accords (between Israel & Egypt- the 1st peace treaty b/w Israel and an Arab neighboring state).
Ratification of the Panama Canal treaties
Establishment of diplomatic relations with China

39. Jimmy Carter’s Difficulties
High gas prices leading to shortages
Iran Hostage Crisis
The US Embassy in Iran was taken over during the Iranian Revolution and workers were held hostage for 444 days
A stagnant economy
Carter lost re-election to Ronald Regan in 1980

40. Rise of the two-party system
During the 1980s and 1990s, politics underwent a major shift in many southern states
They elected Democrats to statewide offices and tended to favor Republicans in national elections.
It led to the establishment of a real two-party system in the state

41. Rise of the two-party system
Atlanta Democrat Cynthia McKinney became the 1st African American woman from GA elected to Congress
In 1994, Republicans gained a majority in the U.S. House of Representatives for the first time in 40 years, and Georgia’s Newt Gingrich was elected Speaker of the House.
In 2002, Republicans ended 100 years of Democratic rule by electing Sonny Purdue, the first Republican governor since Reconstruction .

42. 1996 Olympic Games
The games of the XXVI Olympiad were held in Atlanta in 1996.
The Olympics brought four long-term benefits to the state.
1) millions of dollars were spent to create world-class competition facilities
Roads were widened and improved, hotels and restaurants were built/expanded
2) The Olympics brought international recognition to Atlanta.

43. 1996 Olympic Games
3) The Olympics brought volunteer programs , educational and training programs, and employment opportunities to thousands of Georgia’s citizens.
4) The economic impact of the Olympic Games brought billions of dollars into Georgia’s economy.

44. 21st Century Economy Tourism
Tourism has become the fifth largest employer in the state with revenues in the neighborhood of $59 billion providing 439,000 jobs.
In 2016, the tourism industry generated $3 billion in direct and indirect taxes.
The tourism industry employed 10.2% of Georgia’s workforce in 2016.

45. 21st Century Economy Savannah Harbor Expansion Project
Savannah’s port is the fourth-busiest container port in the U. S. and is the fastest growing port.
American businesses ship products from this critical port in their supply chains. The expansion will allow greater scheduling flexibility for the port. The Savannah Harbor Expansion Project will support jobs throughout the nation. Its economic impact on Georgia’s deep-water ports generates $67 billion in revenue.
More than 350,000 jobs will be impacted and about $18.5 billion in personal income will impact the region. The impact of SHEP will help manufacturers on the national and global horizon.

46. 21st Century Economy Film Industry
Due to encouraging financial incentives, the diversity of locations for filming, and growing production resources and professional support, Georgia is the destination in the southeast for film production.
The moderate climate allows for year-round production and the airport in Atlanta provides for quick transportation for members of the industry.
With a $7 billion economic impact in 2016, Georgia’s film industry is likely to continue to grow.
Twenty-five thousand people in Georgia are directly involved in the industry and 30,000 people benefit through industries and businesses that are indirectly related.
The Georgia Film Academy and colleges and universities, including the Savannah College of Arts and Design (SCAD), will help fill the projected 3, ,500 job opportunities by T
yler Perry, producer and actor, is currently converting the former Fort McPherson location into one of the largest film studios in the United States.
With 800 film and television projects since 1972, Georgia’s film industry is likely to continue to grow.