1. Bonds and Their Valuation
Chapter 7
Bonds and Their Valuation

2. Chapter 7 Topic Overview
Bond Characteristics
Annual and Semi-Annual Bond Valuation
Reading Bond Quotes
Finding Returns on Bonds
Bond Risk and Other Important Bond Valuation Relationships 2

3. Bond Characteristics
Par (or Face) Value (M) = stated face value that is the amount the issuer must repay, usually $1,000
Coupon Interest Rate
Coupon (INT) = Coupon Rate x Face Value
Maturity Date = when the face value is repaid.
A legal contract called the bond indenture specifies these values.
This makes a bond’s cash flows look like this: 3

4. Bond Valuation INT INT INT+M 0 1 2 . . . n
Discount the bond’s cash flows at the investor’s required rate of return.
the coupon payment (INT) stream (an annuity).
the par (M) value payment (a lump sum).
V = INT (PVA r, n) + M /(1+r)n n
INT INT INT+M

5. Bond Valuation Example #1
Duff’s Beer has $1,000 par value bonds outstanding that make annual coupon payments. These bonds have a 7.5% annual coupon rate and 15 years left to maturity. Bonds with similar risk have a required return of 9%, and Moe Szyslak thinks this required return is reasonable.
What’s the most that Moe is willing to pay for a Duff’s Beer bond? 6

6.
1000 ?
r = 9%

7. Let’s Play with Example #1
Homer Simpson is interested in buying a Duff Beer bond but demands an 7.5 percent required return.
What is the most Homer would pay for this bond? 7

8.
1000 ?
r = 7.5%

9. Let’s Play with Example #1 some more.
Barney (belch!) Gumble is interested in buying a Duff Beer bond and demands on a 6 percent required return.
What is the most Barney (belch!) would pay for this bond? 7

10.
1000 ?
r = 6%

11. Lesson from Example 1: Bond Prices and Interest Rates have an inverse relationship!

12. Another Example 1 Lesson: Bond Premiums and Discounts
What happens to bond values if required return is not equal to the coupon rate?
The bond's price will differ from its par value
P0 < par value
r > Coupon Interest Rate
DISCOUNT =
When r is greater than the coupon interest rate, P0 will be less than par value, and the bond will sell at a discount
For Sun, if r >5%, P0 will be less than $1,000
For practice:
Value Sun Company, 10-year, 5% coupon rate bond if required return, r =6% and again if r = 4%.
Premiums & discounts change systematically as r changes.
P0 = par value
r = Coupon Interest Rate
PAR =
P0 > par value
r < Coupon Interest Rate
PREMIUM =

13. Bonds with Semiannual Coupons
Double the number of years, and divide required return and annual coupon by 2.
Vd = INT/2(PVAr/2,2n) + M /(1+r/2)2n 15

14. Semiannual Example
Kwickee-Mart has an $1000 par value bond with an annual coupon rate of 6% that pays coupons semiannually with 20 years left to maturity. What is the most you would be willing to pay for this bond if your required return is 7% APR?
Semiannual coupon = 6%/2($1000) = $30
20x2 = 40 remaining coupons 16

15.
1000

16. Bond Yields
Current Yield - Annual coupon payments divided by bond price.
Yield To Maturity - Interest rate for which the present value of the bond’s payments equal the price. Also known as the market’s required rate of return.
Yield To Maturity = total expected return = current yield + expected capital gains yield (change in price) 17

17. Yield Definitions

18. Bond Yields
Calculating Yield to Maturity (YTM=r) If you are given the price of a bond (PV) and the coupon rate, the yield to maturity can be found by solving for r. 19

19. Yield to Maturity Example
Burns Power $1000 face value bond with a 5% coupon rate paid annually with 10 years left to maturity sells for $890.
What is this bond’s yield to maturity? 13

20.
1000
What is bond’s YTM?
What is the bond’s current yield?

21. U.S. Treasury Bond Quotations
RATE
MATURITY
MO/YR
BID
ASKED
CHG
ASK
YLD
Government Bonds & Notes
8.50
Feb 20
136:30
136:31
+42
4.67
Rate
Coupon rate of 8.5%
Bid prices
Ask prices
(percentage of par value)
Bid price: the price traders receive if they sell a bond to the dealer. Quoted in increments of 32nds of a %age of par
Ask price: the price traders pay to the dealer to buy a bond
Bid-ask spread: difference between ask and bid prices.
-Yield to Maturity (YTM) is the rate of return investors earn if they buy the bond at P0 and hold it until maturity.
The YTM on a bond selling at par (P0 = Par) will always equal the coupon interest rate.
When P0  Par, the YTM will differ from the coupon rate.
YTM is the discount rate that equates the PV of a bond’s cash flows with its price. If P0, CFs, n known, can find YTM
Use T-Bond with n=2 years, 2n=4, C/2=$20, P0=$992.43
Ask Yield
Yield to maturity on the ask price

22. Verifying the T-bond’s YTM (Ask Yld)
Par Value = $1000, semi-annual coupons
Ask Price = %($1000) = $1,369.69
INT/2 = 8.5%($1000)/2 = $42.50
N = = 13, 2N = 26

23. Causes of Bond Price Changes
Since a bond’s cash flows are fixed:
Changes in interest rates, and
Passage of time.
cause changes in a bond’s price.

24. Bond Value Changes Over Time
Returning to the Duff’s Beer original example #1, where r = 9%, N = 15, C (PMT) = $75, par (FV) = $1000, & PV = $
What is bond value one year later when N = 14 and r is still = 9%?

25. Bond values over time
At maturity, the value of any bond must equal its par value.
If rd remains constant:
The value of a premium bond would decrease over time, until it reached $1,000.
The value of a discount bond would increase over time, until it reached $1,000.
A value of a par bond stays at $1,000.

26. Changes in Bond Value over Time
What would happen to the value of these three bonds is bond if its required rate of return remained at 10%: VB
1,184
1,000
816
13% coupon rate
10% coupon rate.
7% coupon rate
Years
to Maturity

27. What about this?
What if Barney buys Duff Bond at $ with n =15 and sells at r = 7% with n = 14. What is his return?

29. Interest Rate Risk
Measures Bond Price Sensitivity to changes in interest rates.
In general, long-term bonds have more interest rate risk than short-term bonds.
Also, for bonds with same time to maturity, lower coupon bonds have more interest rate risk than higher coupon bonds.

30. Interest Rate Risk Example
Recall from our earlier example (#1), the 15-year, 7.5% annual coupon bond has the following values at kd = 6%, 7.5%, & 9%. Let’s compare with a 2-yr, 7.5% annual coupon bond.
15-year bond 2-year bond
r=6%: PV = $1, PV = $1,027.50
r=7.5%: PV = $1,000 PV = $1,000
r=9%: PV = $ PV = $973.61

31. Interest Rate Risk: Bond Price Sensitivity Graph

32. Reinvestment rate risk
Reinvestment rate risk is the concern that rd will fall, and future CFs will have to be reinvested at lower rates, hence reducing income.
EXAMPLE: Suppose you just won
$500,000 playing the lottery. You
intend to invest the money and
live off the interest.

33. Reinvestment rate risk example
You may invest in either a 10-year bond or a series of ten 1-year bonds. Both 10-year and 1-year bonds currently yield 10%.
If you choose the 1-year bond strategy:
After Year 1, you receive $50,000 in income and have $500,000 to reinvest. But, if 1-year rates fall to 3%, your annual income would fall to $15,000.
If you choose the 10-year bond strategy:
You can lock in a 10% interest rate, and $50,000 annual income.

34. Conclusions about interest rate and reinvestment rate risk
Short-term AND/OR High coupon bonds
Long-term AND/OR Low coupon bonds
Interest
rate risk
Low
High
Reinvestment rate risk
CONCLUSION: Nothing is riskless!

35. Default Risk Credit risk Default premium Investment grade
Speculative grade (Junk bonds)

36. Default Risk

37. Callable Bonds & the effect of a call provision
Allows issuer to refund the bond issue if rates decline (helps the issuer, but hurts the investor).
Borrowers are willing to pay more, and lenders require more, for callable bonds.
Most bonds have a deferred call and a declining call premium.

38. A 10-year, 10% semiannual coupon bond selling for $1,135
A 10-year, 10% semiannual coupon bond selling for $1, can be called in 4 years for $1,050, what is its yield to call (YTC)?
The bond’s yield to maturity can be determined to be 8%. Solving for the YTC is identical to solving for YTM, except the time to call is used for N and the call premium is FV. 8 50
1050
INPUTS N
I/YR PV
PMT FV
OUTPUT
3.568

39. Yield to call 3.568% represents the periodic semiannual yield to call.
YTCNOM = rNOM = 3.568% x 2 = 7.137% is the rate that a broker would quote.
The effective yield to call can be calculated
YTCEFF = ( )2 – 1 = 7.26%

40. If you bought these callable bonds, would you be more likely to earn the YTM or YTC?
The coupon rate = 10% compared to YTC = 7.137%. The firm could raise money by selling new bonds which pay 7.137%.
Could replace bonds paying $100 per year with bonds paying only $71.37 per year.
Investors should expect a call, and to earn the YTC of 7.137%, rather than the YTM of 8%.

41. When is a call more likely to occur?
In general, if a bond sells at a premium, then (1) coupon rate > rd, so (2) a call is more likely.
So, expect to earn:
YTC on premium bonds.
YTM on par & discount bonds.

42. Sinking Fund
Provision to pay off a loan over its life rather than all at maturity.
Similar to amortization on a term loan.
Reduces risk to investor, shortens average maturity.
But not good for investors if rates decline after issuance.

43. How are sinking funds executed?
Call x% of the issue at par, for sinking fund purposes.
Likely to be used if rd is below the coupon rate and the bond sells at a premium.
Buy bonds in the open market.
Likely to be used if rd is above the coupon rate and the bond sells at a discount.

44. Other types (features) of bonds
Convertible bond – may be exchanged for common stock of the firm, at the holder’s option.
Warrant – long-term option to buy a stated number of shares of common stock at a specified price.
Putable bond – allows holder to sell the bond back to the company prior to maturity.
Income bond – pays interest only when interest is earned by the firm.
Indexed bond – interest rate paid is based upon the rate of inflation.