Review & Conclusion of Session One But first, Geology in the News

Review & Conclusion of Session One But first, Geology in the News
Senior University, Fall 2013 The American Civil War, Session Two Review & Conclusion of Session One and into Session Two But first, Geology in the News and Ask the Geologist

Geology in the News New Tool (Spar) Deepens Gulf Drilling
vagabondgeology.com

New Island of Sea Bottom Created by earthquake in Pakistan
Geology in the News New Island of Sea Bottom Created by earthquake in Pakistan And next Ask the Geologist vagabondgeology.com

Next, Ask the geologist New Island of Sea Bottom Created by
Earthquake in Pakistan Complex Mountains created by collision of India with Eurasian India moving north colliding with Eurasia Island Next, Ask the geologist

Ask the Geologist Cheryl Mees writes
We’ll explore how this was done and why the creation of new states contributed to the alienation between North and South. Cheryl is right about Jefferson. But what happened was that the colonist of the 13 Original Colonies move across the Appalachian Mountains and new states would occupy the land gained from England in 1776 west

Next: A Quick review of last week: Basic Geology &
the geologic implications of the geology of the Original 13 Colonies Remember what I propose we accomplish together

From last week, the divisions of human history
What I hope we will accomplish together during our six sessions on the Civil War 1. Appreciate the role of geology in the events leading up to the War and geology’s role in the results of the war’s battles & their intended strategies. 2. Present my argument for your peer review that 5 natural resources have determined the rise and fall of all world powers from the beginning of human history to the present No sun set pictures this past week in your neighborhood? From last week, the divisions of human history 3. Describe the amazing design of our natural resources & encourage you to capture a tiny bit of that design & share that design in sun set photos. Maybe this week will be better, and be sure to send them to

Remember the Archeologists’ division of human history
Historians’ Division of Human History Electric Motor Age (nuclear is king) to ? Internal Combustion Age (oil is king) to 2100? Steam Age (coal is king) to 1950 America becomes a world power Great nations fight over the natural resources of Eurasia Industrial Age to 1830 Renaissance to 1700 Middle Ages AD to 1450 13 Original Colonies Steel Age 2 Rome BC to 470AD Iron Age 1 Greece to 750BC Bronze Age to 1400 Floodplain empires conquered by Iron rich lands Large scale farming First world empires Copper Age to 3000 Stone Age (end of Ice Age) ,000 to 3000 Hunting & Gathering Native Americans Remember the Archeologists’ division of human history

Archeologists’ Division of Human History based on artifacts
Electric Motor Age (nuclear is king) to ? Internal Combustion Age (oil is king) to 2100? Steam Age (coal is king) to 1950 Iron & Coal Industrial Age to 1830 Renaissance to 1700 Middle Ages AD to 1450 Steel Age 2 Rome BC to 470AD Iron Age 1 Greece to 750BC Bronze Age to 1400 Iron & Charcoal Bronze Copper Copper Age to 3000 Stone Age (end of Ice Age) ,000 to 3000 Stone Let’s look at the Greek and Roman empires

China, greatest concentration of farmland, iron and coal
The Greek Empire: Alexander the Great China, greatest concentration of farmland, iron and coal in the world!!!! Northern Temperate Zone Iron & Coal Major River Flood plain Next the Roman Empire

The Roman Empire Conclusions: Countries with iron can conquer
neighbors and add their resources of farm land, manpower, iron, coal, and oil (in the 20th century) Now let’s see how geology positioned the Original 13 Colonies Iron & Coal Major River Flood plain

Today, how are the Original 13 Colonies located
with respect to the Northern Temperate Zone? Original 13 Colonies Northern Temperate Zone Equator Tropics Was this favorable location always like this? Let’s look back 170 million years Conclusion: The Original 13 Colonies were ideally located in the northern Temperate Zone of North America And, the rest of America was also ideally located. Remember; Until the USA became a world power about 1900 every world power or empire developed in the in the Northern Temperate Zone of Eurasia and no world power or empire or world religion had developed in the Tropics

Observation: Drift of the North American continent
Continents at the time of the Super Continent Pangaea Northern Temperate Zone Equator Tropics 170 million years ago Observation: Drift of the North American continent in the last 170 million years placed America in the ideal location to become a world power Did the Original 13 Colonies have any major rivers with flood plains like the earliest world empires?

The biggest rivers are in the Northern Colonies
Did the Original 13 Colonies have any major rivers with flood plains and which rivers provide access to the land west of the Appalachian Mountains? Hudson Mohawk rivers, New York Charles River Boston Susquehanna River Connecticut River Ohio River Delaware River Philadelphia Potomac & Shenandoah rivers, Washington The biggest rivers are in the Northern Colonies but none have major flood plains Conclusion: The only river in North America with a large flood plain is the Mississippi. It will become the focus of intense interest by both the Northern and Southern Colonies as they expand westward across the Appalachia Mountains What crops were grown in the Original 13 Colonies? And how are soils developed to grow those crops?

Remember: Great nations historically need farmland, iron, and coal
Agricultural Natural Resources: East Half America Dairy Corn, cattle & hogs Cotton Remember we talked about weathering & erosion: the geologic processes that break-down the continental crust and move the weathered debris to the oceans at the continental margins Note: Northern colonies are small “family” farms. Southern colonies chose to raise cotton in large plantations for export using slave labor Dividing line at the Potomac River Remember: Great nations historically need farmland, iron, and coal

How much of this map did America claim after 1812?
Geologic Map Eastern America Appalachian Mountains Original 13 Colonies How much of this map did America claim after 1812? A geologic map shows the age and rock type of rocks at the surface by color and pattern, with soil and vegetation removed. The rocks at the surface are the result of weathering and erosion

Let’s look at how the BLM divided
America after the War of 1812 American Territories The BLM divided the Territories into “states” that could be admitted to the Union when their population reached 60,000 Original 13 Colonies Let’s look at how the BLM divided the Territory into the states we have today The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) was commisioned by Congress in 1785 & 1787 with the systematic development of the American Territories

What we had in 1830 from England after 1776 and 1812
How the BLM divided the Territory into the states we have today What we had in 1830 from England after 1776 and 1812

Territories to be divided
America after the War of 1812 Territories to be divided into states by the BLM Original 13 Colonies If you were working in the BLM, how would you shape the “states” that would most likely be populated first?

Creating States in American Territories Territories to be divided into states by the BLM Ohio River Original 13 Colonies What state have we outlined here? Let’s extend the South Carolina Georgia line KY King Charles II survey line State? TN Mississippi River Some Guidelines: 1. about same size as Original Colonies 2. use major rivers & lakes where possible 3. use the King Charles II survey line

The Mason-Dixon Line of 1767
The Mason–Dixon line (or Mason's and Dixon's line) was surveyed between 1763 and 1767 by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon in the resolution of a border dispute between British colonies in Colonial America.

Creating States in American Territories Territories to be divided into states by the BLM Ohio River Original 13 Colonies What state have we outlined here? Mason-Dixon survey line Let’s extend the South Carolina Georgia line KY King Charles II survey line State? TN Mississippi River Some Guidelines: 1. about same size as Original Colonies 2. use major rivers & lakes where possible 3. use the King Charles II survey line

How do we explain the early colonization
of Kentucky & Tennessee? Let’s try using Cumberland Gap as the colonists earliest route across the Appalachians Creating States in American Territories Territories to be divided into states by the BLM Original 13 Colonies OH Were Ohio and Alabama the first states to join the Union? Ohio River Remember we had colonists moving west: 1. along the Mohawk River into Ohio and 2. around the southern Appalachians from Georgia into Alabama KY TN Mississippi River AL No, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio were the first states admitted to the Union after the 13 Original States Florida’s outline was acquired when we got Florida from Spain

Earliest Colonization west of the Appalachia Mountains
How did that happen? There are no rivers leading into KY & TN. But there is Cumberland Gap No, it was Kentucky and Tennessee Territories to be divided into states by the BLM Original 13 Colonies OH Ohio River KY Cumberland Gap, KY TN Who? None other than Daniel Boone Mississippi River Where is Cumberland Gap? And who lead settlers through Cumberland Gap? AL Remember we had colonists moving west: 1. along the Mohawk River into Ohio and 2. around the southern Appalachians in Georgia into Alabama

Where is Cumberland Gap?
Hudson Mohawk rivers, New York Susquehanna River Charles River Boston Connecticut River Ohio River Delaware River Philadelphia Potomac & Shenandoah rivers, Washington Cumberland Gap Note: The southern Colonies could use Cumberland Gap into Kentucky & Tennessee or circle south of the mountains into Alabama. While the Northern Colonies could migrate into PA & NY using the Hudson & Susquehanna rivers

Where is Cumberland Gap, KY?
Kentucky Cumberland Gap, KY

metamorphic & igneous core Folded and thrust faulted
Blue Ridge Mountains metamorphic & igneous core Ohio river Potomac river Kentucky Cumberland Gap Wilderness Road Who’s famous for his trail blazing through Cumberland Gap? Cumberland Mountains Folded and thrust faulted sedimentary rocks

Daniel Boone and Colonists moving through Cumberland Gap
Question for you Civil War buffs: Who paid for Boone’s opening the Cumberland Gap and why? Let’s focus on the Geology of Cumberland Gap

Let’s focus on the geology
Wilderness Road Let’s focus on the geology of Cumberland Gap

Front edge of the Pine Mountain Thrust
Cumberland mountains Cumberland Gap

Front edge of the Pine Mountain Thrust
Cumberland Gap, KY

What is this circular depression?
Front edge of the Pine Mountain Thrust What is this circular depression? Cumberland mountains Cumberland Gap

A A’ Same rocks Let’s look at a cross section AA’ Middlesboro
Pine Mountain A Same rocks Let’s look at a cross section AA’ Middlesboro meteor impact crater Cumberland Mountain A’

A little about impact craters
Front edge of the Pine Mountain Thrust Pine mountains Cumberland mountains Pine Mountain Thrust Middlesboro meteor crater A little about impact craters

Images of impact craters
Meteor impact craters worldwide

Meteor impact craters worldwide
Meteor impact crater Arizona

Meteor impact crater Arizona
Back to the Cumberland Gap Area

What does the Pine Mountain Gap
The National Road that uses Cumberland & Pine mountains gaps What does the Pine Mountain Gap look like today? Route 25 E Cumberland Mountain Middlesboro meteor crater Cumberland Gap

Pine Mountain Gap Note: A river flows north through Pine Mountain Gap making it a water gap while no stream flows through Cumberland Gap making it geologically a wind gap. Next: How the gaps were used for a major national road road

Cumberland River: Route to the Ohio & Mississippi rivers from
Cumberland Gap, KY Ohio Indiana Illinois Ohio River Kentucky Tennessee Mississippi River

The Cumberland River flowing through Pine Mountain Water Gap

U.S. 40 The National Road Potomac River What did early settlers find when they arrived in Kentucky and Tennessee? National Road, construction began heading west in 1811 at Cumberland, Maryland, on the Potomac River.

Cumberland Gap What did the settlers find in KY & TN?
Starting on March 10, 1775 Boone, along with 35 axmen, cut a trail from Long Island in Kingsport, Tennessee through the forests and mountains to Kentucky. Who paid from this ambitious work & why? What did the settlers find in KY & TN? Starting around 1775, the Gap became the primary route of transit for American settlers moving west into Kentucky; between 1775 and 1810 as many as 300,000 settlers may have used the Gap

A quick check of natural resources with the underlying geology
What did the settlers find in Kentucky? Note: Settlers became small farmers but they chose to become a slave state! Why? Tobacco A quick check of natural resources with the underlying geology Coal

Now, what did settlers find in TN?
Tobacco Now, what did settlers find in TN?

And now the geology responsible for the cotton
What did the settlers find in TN? Cotton Note: TN is the most northern state growing cotton with its “need” for slave labor. So they declared themselves a slave state with reason. TN also has coal and iron as well as other metallic resources, esp. Copper and Zinc, see Ducktown, TN & environment devestion And now the geology responsible for the cotton

Cotton My conclusions: Tenn is obviously a Southern (slave) state
Kentucky was much more like Tenn than Ohio across the Ohio River that it bordered on the north. In Ohio the soils are glacial drift yields world class fertility which supported hundreds of small, family farms rather than large plantations. Cotton

Who determined the size & shape of the new states
The Original 13 Colonies and USA Territories after 1776 & 1812 Who determined the size & shape of the new states west of the Appalachian Mountain

Who determined the size & shape of the new states
west of the Appalachian Mountain What states do you think might have been the first added to the Union after the 13 Original Colonies? We really don’t know. But using the Scientific Method I propose that the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) defined the size and shape of the new states in the pink area and that the Senate then either approved or rejected their recommendations This made it imperative for the Southern Slave state to make sure they had at least the same number of Senators as the Free states.

So in 1800 the union looked like this.
The First Three States Added to the Union after the Original 13 Colonies Became States Ohio Ohio Kentucky Kentucky Original 13 Colonies Tennessee Tennessee So in 1800 the union looked like this. And then we began 60 years of balancing the addition of slave and free states

The Union 20 years later in 1821
The Union in 1800 The Union 20 years later in 1821 Note: The northern boundary of Ohio has not yet been drawn or approved by the Senate

The Union 16 years later in 1837
The Union in 1821 Note: In the South: Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana & Missouri have been added. In the North: Ohio, Indiana, & and Illinois have been added. The count is now 12/12 When Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota are added all of the territory east of the Mississippi River obtained from England in 1776 will have been added to the Union The Union 16 years later in 1837

Nine years later in 1846 the Union looks like this.
The Union in 1837 Nine years later in 1846 the Union looks like this. Note: Only Arkansas and Michigan have been added to the Union and the ratio of South to North is 13/13

The Union in 1846 Twelve years later, the Union in 1858
Oklahoma Note: The North has added Michigan & Iowa. South has added Texas and Florida. Trouble ahead: Texas & Oklahoma are the last states suited to grow cotton & Oklahoma is reserved for Native Americans

The Union in 1858 Look at the geologic map of America and see why
no slave states will be added in the Rocky Mountains Note: With Minnesota & Oregon added as Free states and all of the brown area except possibly OK and KS are geologically adverse to raising cotton, the South is facing a crisis because as Free states are added in the brown areas there will no Slave states added to keep the balance the South must have to control the US Senate. 1849 Note: Oregon and Minnesota have been added as Free states

Geological Map of America
Note; No state in this area will be a Slave state because the rocks shown on this map do not weather into soils that will support cotton, tobacco, or sugar cane. Area where the rocks weather into soils that will grow cotton Back to the Union in 1858

The Union in 1858 What happened in the time 1858 to 1861
that made the Civil War inevitable? 1849

The Natural Resources in Kansas
Oklahoma

Natural resources of Kansas
Kansas is obviously a farming & grazing state with no cotton or tobacco so slaves would not be needed to enhance its profitability. One would assume that it , if left alone, would choose to be a free state. However, if Kansas were added to the Union it would seriously compromise the voting power of the slave states in the US senate. To prevent that Slave terrorists invaded Kansas and destroyed the town of Lawrence, killing many of its residence. Let’s look at events in a timeline from 1859 to 1861

Destruction of Lawrence, Kansas by “imported” Slave Terrorists in 1856
Where is Lawrence, Kansas?

Location of Lawrence, Kansas
Another map locating Lawrence

Location of Lawrence, Kansas
What crops could be grown in Oklahoma? Oklahoma

Natural resources of Oklahoma
Remember OK before the Civil War was reserved for Native Americans Cotton So it could be argued that if Oklahoma had not been designated a home land for Native Americans, it would have been a slave state and often the adjoining state to the north would choose to be a slave state also. What the Union would have looked like in 1859 if both Oklahoma & Kansas had been added to the Union as Slave States.

Focus on Lawrence, Kansas
A timeline of events leading up to the Civil War. May 1856 Lawrence, Kansas Destroyed by pro-slavery terrorists 1859 1860 1861 1862 1855 1856 1857 1858 Focus on Lawrence, Kansas

Back to our timeline: 1855 to 1862
What the Union would have looked like in 1859 if both Oklahoma & Kansas had been added to the Union as Slave States. 1859 1850 But that would have been the last slave state since none of the brown are cotton growing lands. The “hand writing” was obvious: non slave states will overwhelm the slave states. The South had to decide what to do to prevent such a “disaster”! 1849 Back to our timeline: 1855 to 1862

What happened at Harpers Ferry, Virginia?
A timeline of events leading up to the Civil War. Oct. 1859 John Brown Attacks Harpers Ferry Arsenal May 1856 Lawrence, Kansas Destroyed by pro-slavery terrorists Dec. 1859 John Brown executed Feb. 1859 Oregon joins Union ? 1859 1860 1861 1862 1855 1856 1857 1858 What happened at Harpers Ferry, Virginia?

Question for you Civil War buffs: Why did Brown pick Harpers Ferry?
John Brown and 10 anti-slave terrorists in Oct.1859 shocked the nation at Harpers Ferry Question for you Civil War buffs: Why did Brown pick Harpers Ferry? and how did he plan to get arms to the plantation slaves? Where is Harpers Ferry?

The geology of Harpers Ferry
Pennsylvania Maryland What surveyed line is this? Harpers Ferry, Virginia West Virginia after 1861 The Mason-Dixon Line Potomac River West Virginia after 1861 Virginia when John Brown attacked Harpers Ferry Washington D.C. Shenandoah River Virginia The geology of Harpers Ferry

The Geology of Harpers Ferry
The Mason-Dixon Line Harpers Ferry Washington D.C. Potomac River

The geology of Harpers Ferry
The Mason-Dixon Line The Blue Ridge mountain: The metamorphic core of the Appalachian Mountains Piedmont Province, a chunk of Africa welded onto North America Harpers Ferry Washington D.C. Potomac River A regional map locating the Blue Ridge Mountains as part of the Appalachians Mountains

Harpers Ferry Next: Harpers Ferry 1854 A regional map locating the Blue Ridge Mountains as part of the Appalachians Mountains

Harpers Ferry from Jefferson Rock: 1854
Looking North up the Patoaic River Great Valley Potomac River Next: Harpers Ferry Today Blue Ridge Mountains

Next: Harpers Ferry Today
Pennsylvania Harpers Ferry Today Maryland West Virginia Great Valley Blue Ridge Mountains Virginia Triassic red beds Next: Harpers Ferry Today looking north

A National Historical Park What happened at Harpers Ferry
Harpers Ferry Today A National Historical Park Shenandoah river Great Valley West Virginia Harpers Ferry Maryland Virginia Blue Ridge Mountains What happened at Harpers Ferry in Oct. 1859? Potomac River

What happened at Harpers Ferry in Oct.1859?
This picture shows the ruins of the Harpers Ferry Armory in 1861: the armory building and the engine house where John Brown and his men were captured or killed Famous for John Brown’s raid on the Federal Armory in October 1859 and for; well, we’ll see when we get to Gen, Lee’s invasion of Maryland & Sharpstown four years later in 1863 What did Harpers Ferry have in addition to weapons?

What did Harpers Ferry Armory have in addition to stored weapons?
Why did John Brown choose Harpers Ferry? Harpers Ferry was an arsenal where weapons were manufactured

What other Arsenals & Armories in the South
could John Brown have chosen? Harpers Ferry Richmond Arsenal, Virginia Harpers Ferry was the only federal arsenal in the South where Brown could expect to get aid from local residents in moving weapons from the armory to southern slaves to revolt against their plantation owners. Columbia Arsenal Camden Power Magazine, Camden, South Carolina Columbia Arsenal, SC Athens, Georgia Mount Vernon, Alabama Charleston Arsenal, Charleston, SC Richmond Arsenal Note: Arsenal at Charleston, SC Was it at Fort Sumter? Why did Brown’s plan to spark a slave revolt fail? Charleston Arsenal

Why did Brown’s plan to spark a slave revolt fail?
The federal government promptly by sending marines lead by Robert E. Lee to capture Brown & restore government control of the armory & its weapons Brown was captured in Oct and hanged for treason in Dec. of that same year. What else occupied the nations attention in the latter part of 1859 and 1860? The arsenal contained 100,000 muskets and rifles

The die has been cast The Union in 1861
Note: The ratio of Slave to Free states, 15/19, at the time of the secession of Southern states from the Union

Focus on the presidential election of 1860
A timeline of events leading up to the Civil War. Oct. 1859 John Brown Attacks Harpers Ferry Arsenal May 1856 Lawrence, Kansas Destroyed by pro-slavery terrorists Nov. 1860 Lincoln elected Dec. 1859 John Brown executed Feb. 1859 Oregon joins Union 1859 1860 1861 1862 1855 1856 1857 1858 Focus on the presidential election of 1860

Back to our timeline of events leading up to the Civil War.
Lincoln elected Nov. 6, 1960. South Carolina succeeds from the Union December 20, 1860.

Focus on the Charlestown, SC; April 1861
A timeline of events leading up to the Civil War. Oct. 1859 John Brown Attacks Harpers Ferry Arsenal May 1856 Lawrence, Kansas Destroyed by pro-slavery terrorists Nov. 1860 Lincoln elected Dec. 1860 South Carolina Leaves the Union Dec. 1859 John Brown executed Feb. 1859 Oregon joins Union 1859 1860 1861 1862 1855 1856 1857 1858 April 1861: Charlestown, SC Fort Sumter surrenders Focus on the Charlestown, SC; April 1861

The die has been cast The Union in 1861
Note: The ratio of Slave to Free states, 15/19, at the time of the secession of Southern states from the Union

Ashley, Cooper, & Wando river’s drainage systems emptying into
the Atlantic Ocean through Charleston Harbor

Focus on Charleston Harbor
Downtown Charleston & Charleston Armory Note: Charleston Armory guarded by Major Robert Anderson and a small group of Union soldiers Focus on Charleston Harbor

Fort Moultrie Fort Sumter Downtown Charleston & Charleston Armory Fort Sumter When Major Anderson learned that Cadets from The Citadel planned to occupy the Armory, he and his men moved to Fort Moultrie & then to Fort Sumter hoping to avoid conflict

Fort Sumter Downtown Charleston & Charleston Armory On January 9, 1861, Citadel Cadets manning an artillery battery on Morris Island fired the first hostile shots of the Civil War, repulsing the federal steamship Star of the West, carrying supplies and two hundred federal troops dispatched by President Buchanan to reinforce the Union Forces garrisoned at Fort Sumter.

Fort Sumter Downtown Charleston & Charleston Armory Some pictures of the Battle of Fort Sumter Battle of Fort Sumter. April 12 – 14, 1861 Remember: Lincoln is now president.

Battle of Fort Sumter. April 12 – 14, 1861
Remember: Lincoln is now president.

Back to the timeline: 1855 to 1862
Cadets from The Citadel military college firing on Fort Sumter, April 1861 Back to the timeline: 1855 to 1862

To summarize the events leading up to the Civil War
A timeline of events leading up to the Civil War. Oct. 1859 John Brown Attacks Harpers Ferry Arsenal May 1856 Lawrence, Kansas Destroyed by pro-slavery terrorists Nov. 1860 Lincoln elected Dec. 1860 South Carolina succeeds Dec. 1859 John Brown executed Feb. 1859 Oregon joins Union 1859 1860 1861 1862 1855 1856 1857 1858 April 1861: Charlestown, SC Fort Sumter Surrenders To summarize the events leading up to the Civil War

Events Leading up to the Civil War
Time Line: Selected Events Leading up to the Civil War 1847 to 1859 Michigan Florida Texas Iowa Wisconsin California Minnesota Oregon Join the Union 1730 Colonial Population over 600,000 Migration over the Appalachian Mts 1792 Kentucky joins Union. 1796 Tennessee joins Union 1817 & ‘18 Indiana & Illinois join Union. 18112 Louisiana joins Union. 1836 Arkansas joins the Union 1803 Ohio joins Union. 1850 1900 1700 1750 1800 Civil war 1819 Alabama joins Union. 1821 Missouri joins Union. Let’s focus on the two years leading to the Civil War

The political events leading for four years of all out-war
up to the Civil War March 1861 Lincoln made president April 1861 Charlestown, SC Fort Sumter captured Feb 1861 CSA Formed in Montgomery, Al Nov 1861 Davis president CSA Nov. 1860 Lincoln elected The Stage is set for four years of all out-war Jan to June, 1861 11 more states succeed forming the CSA Dec. 1860 South Carolina succeeds from Union

Volunteers, Weapons, and Leaders
Next Week: Volunteers, Weapons, and Leaders

Review & Conclusion of Session One But first, Geology in the News

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