2. by Delchi Carrier,SpA v. Rotorex Corp 1994WL 495787 (1994) United States District Court(N.D.N.Y) By:

3. by Delchi Rotorex Informed Rotorex that the compressors would be used in producing Arieles air conditioners Agreed to sell air compressors ( Plaintiff )(Defendant) (Italy)(New York) In preparation 39 million lire for special tooling 27 million lire for special insulation and tubing Part 1: Facts

4. by On March 26,1988 Delchi Rotorex sent a first sea shipment paid $188,000 Spent 18 million lire on shipping and customs duties

5. by On or about May 9,1988 Delchi Rotorex Sent a second shipment paid $130,000 Discovered the compressors from the first lot were nonconforming. Rejected the compressors and cancelled the contract. The second shipment was en route

6. by Delchi Replaced problematic grommets, inspected, repaired and retested the compressors Stored the second shipment Arranged to have a shipment of Sanyo compressors sent by air freight Modified the electrical panels Delchis Assembly line shut down Stored the rejected compressors

7. by Delchi was still unable to fill some orders. Delchi brought this action for damages.

8. by Legal issue: what damages is Delchi entitled to recover? No controversy about defendants breach of Contract (Art.35) Part 2: legal issue & back ground knowledge

9. by Damages Direct damagesConsequential damages

10. by Direct damages : damages for a loss that is an immediate, natural, and foreseeable result of the wrongful act. Consequential damages: injury or harm that does not ensue directly and immediately from the act of a party, but only from some of the result of such act.

11. by Consequential damages: Damages averred by DelchiDecisions of D.C. Plaintiffs attempts to remedy nonconformity Expedited shipment of Sanyo compressors Handling & storage of rejected compressors Lost profits a total of 546,377,612 lire in lost profits in Italy additional lost profit from indicated orders in Italy. Modification of electrical panel hold nonsupport

12. by Damages averred by DelchiDecisions of D.C. Shipping, customs & incidentals relating to two shipments The cost of obsolete insulation & tubing The cost of obsolete tooling Labor costs for four days when Delchis production line is idle. nonsupport

13. by The applicable rules: Article 7.2. Questions concerning matters governed by this Convention which are not expressly settled in it are to be settled in conformity with the general principles on which it is based or, in the absence of such principles, in conformity with the law applicable by virtue of the rules of private international law.

14. by Article 74 Damages for breach of contract by one party consist of a sum equal to the loss, including loss of profit, suffered by the other party as a consequence of the breach. Such damages may not exceed the loss which the party in breach foresaw or ought to have foreseen at the time of the conclusion of the contract, in the light of the facts and matters of which he then knew or ought to have known, as a possible consequence of the breach of contract.

15. by Article 75 If the contract is avoided and if, in a reasonable manner and within a reasonable time after avoidance, the buyer has bought goods in replacement or the seller has resold the goods, the party claiming damages may recover the difference between the contract price and the price in the substitute transaction as well as any further damages recoverable under article 74.

16. by Article 77 A party who relies on a breach of contract must take such measures as are reasonable in the circumstances to mitigate the loss, including loss of profit, resulting from the breach. If he fails to take such measures, the party in breach may claim a reduction in the damages in the amount by which the loss should have been mitigated.

17. by Part 3: Reasoning

18. by Delchi should recover these damages Rotorex shipped with nonconforming compressors Delchi spent several million lire in curing the defects in Rotorexs compressors (which were not Anticipated cost of production) Pursuant to CISG Art.74, the costs areCISG Art.74 foreseeable consequential damages Plaintiffs attempts to remedy nonconformity

19. by Delchi failed to repair the nonconforming compressors Under CISG,Delchi should obtain some substitute compressors from other sources to mitigate its damages (Art.77)(Art.77) But actually, Delchi failed to obtain substitute from other sources. Then Delchi expedited Sanyo compressors by air which were previously ordered So some orders could be filled Expedited shipment of Sanyo compressors

20. by Delchi is not entitled to recover the difference between the contract price and the price in the Sanyo compressors under CISG Art.75CISG Art.75 ( …within a reasonable time after avoidance,the buyer has bought goods in replacement …in the substitute transaction …) In this case the shipment of previously ordered Sanyo compressors Substitute for the nonconforming Rotorex compressors

21. by Nonetheless, Delchi is entitled to recover the expense of expediting shipment of Sanyo compressors From the facts part: So that it could fill some orders and mitigate its damages Rotorex failed to supply conforming compressors Delchi expedited Sanyo compressors by air which previously ordered

22. by So, expedited shipment of Sanyo compressors was both commercially reasonable and reasonably foreseeable therefore Delchi is entitled to recover the net cost of early delivery of Sanyo compressors. Net cost = cost of air shipment – cost of ocean shipment

23. by Handling and Storage of Rejected Compressors The expense relating to the first shipment. A reasonable expense for the second shipment, though Delchi failed to establish the precise cost of storage of second shipment.

24. by Lost profits a. Why did Delchi suffer a loss resulting from a diminished volume of sales? a. Why did Delchi suffer a loss resulting from a diminished volume of sales? b. How to estimate the amount of damages? b. How to estimate the amount of damages? c. The lost profit damages that Delchi is entitled to recover. d. The lost profit damages that Delchi is not entitled to recover.

25. by a. Why did Delchi suffer a loss resulting from a diminished volume of sales? Suppose that… Be able to fill the orders Sufficient Arieles air conditioners Sufficient conforming compressors Gain profits

26. by However… Defective compressors Insufficient conforming compressors Insufficient Arieles air conditioners for sales Be unable to fill all of the orders Lost profits Although expedite shipment of Sanyo compressors

27. by b. How to estimate the amount of damages? Under CISG Art.7 (2)CISG Art.7 (2) In this case, common law & the law of New York A party must provide the finder of fact with sufficient evidence to estimate the amount of damages with reasonable certainty.

28. by Formula Lost profits = Sales price Manufacturing cost Other cost ( royalty, average commission, commercial/financial cost, etc.)

29. by The lost profit damages that Delchi is entitled to recover: a total of 546 million lire in lost profits in Italy, as it proved with sufficient certainty that it incurred as a foreseeable and direct result of Rotorexs breach.

30. by The lost profit damages that Delchi is not entitled to recover: its additional lost profits in Italy, because Delchi did not prove with sufficient certainty any lost sales from indicated (anticipated) orders in Italy.

31. by Only provided… Speculative testimony Provided no… Documentation Evidence

32. by *Modification of electrical panels Not directly attribute to Rotorexs breach Not regular cost

33. by cost claimsDistrict courtCourt of Appeals A: remedy the nonconformity B: expediting shipment from Sanyo C: storing the rejected compressors D: lost profits for diminished sales volume E: modification of electrical panels F:4000 addition lost sales in Italy G: shipping,customs, incidentals H: obsolete insulation and tubing I: obsolete tooling J: labor costs downtime form may 16-19 × × × × × × affirm reverse remand

34. by The district court concluded that Delchi was not entitled to recover the cost of : G:, shipping,customs, incidentals H: obsolete insulation and tubing I: obsolete tooling

35. by Because… G,H,I are reasonable cost for manufacturing the air conditioners G,H,I are accounted for in Delchis recovery on his lost profits it would lead to a double recovery

36. by Court of appeals concluded that Delchi was entitled to recover the cost of : G: shipping,customs, incidentals H: obsolete insulation and tubing I: obsolete tooling

37. by Because… Premise: The contract was performed completely. GG,H,I could not transform to any profits asH,I the compressors were defective. Cut into the lost profits G,H,I were unreasonable expense

38. by Rotorex Customs Manufacturing plant,inspect Genoa Discover the nonconformity

39. by i nsulation tubingtooling Rotorexs compressors Obsolete, useless

40. by the district court the court of appeal reasonable costs consequential damages should not be be compensated compensated G,H,I

41. by Labor expense: Fixed costs-variable costs- featurehave no relation to the output fluctuate with a firms output when a breach occured should not be awarded Should be awarded District courtCourt of appeals decisionFixed costs reasonsHas no detail materials Sufficient evidences remand

42. by The results of breach of contract are hard to be predicted and made sure in advance. There must be the happening of the damages fact and the compensation can not be beyond the actual damages. Art.74 Part4:comments

43. by the practical damages And the lost profits reliance expenditure expectation interest (a) shipping, customs, and incidentals relating to the two shipments of Rotorex compressors (b) the cost of obsolete insulation and tubing that Delchi purchased only for use with Rotorex compressors (c) the cost of obsolete insulation and tooling purchased only for production of units with Rotorex compressors. the profit that Delchi can get from its conditioners orders, which amounting to millions of lire in lost profit.

44. by Whats the essential cause leading to the first trial of the courts mistake ? Whats the essence of the (a) (b) (c) damages ? The cost relates to the expectation ? OR The reliance expenditure Unreasonable/additional

45. by (Article 75) If the contract is avoided and within a reasonable time after avoidance, the buyer has bought goods in replacement …the party claiming damages may recover the difference between the contract price …

46. by CHEN XIAOZHONG ZHEN Sell : 1000 Nokia N70 OUYANG TIAN YUAN purchase Attached( ) gifts : 1000 special( ) batteries( ) (failed) (another example)

47. by Delchi and Sanyo had concluded a contract before the inspection !!!!

48. by OUYANG TIAN YUAN CHEN XIAO Purchase order : a shipment of farm machines for total $40,000 Accept the order, but Latter fail to fill the contract Bought for replacement 6 months later With expensing $50,000 (another example)

49. by Sea Shipment Air freight Delchi had to ask for expedited shipment of Sanyo compressors with additional shipment cost

50. by ( Article 77) a party who relies on a breach of contract must take such measures as a reasonable in the circumstances to mitigate the loss, including loss of profits, resulting from the breach. If he fails to take such measures, the party in breach may claim a reduction in the damages in the amount by which the loss should have been mitigated.

51. by QUESTION: Must the duty of mitigate( the loss be limited to just one kind of remedy--- damages ?

52. by justice reasonable

53. by Legal terms Customs duty Additional expense Expectation interest Reliance expenditure Consequential damages Anticipated cost Unreimbursed expense Labor cost Sales volume Compensatory damages

54. by Thank you for your attention