1. 1 Part I

2. Content Anatomy Anatomy Physiology Physiology Synchronization Synchronization Labor stages Labor stages 2Part I

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4.  Ext. vulva  Vagina  Cervix  Uterus ( during pregnancy moving forward &downward from floor of pelvis into abdominal cavity )  2 Uterine horns: ( join in the body of uterus )  Oviduct : connect the ovaries to uterus  Ovaries  Normal reproductive tract of cow consists of : 4Part I

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7.  The vulva  The external opening to the reproductive system.  The vulva has three main functions: 1-the passage of urine, 2-The opening for mating 3-serves as part of the birth canal.  Included in this structure are the lips and بظر clitoris.  As the animal approaches estrus, the vulva will usually begin to swell and develop a moist red appearance. 7Part I

8.  The vagina  extends from the urethral opening to the cervix.  During natural mating, semen is deposited in the anterior portion of the vagina.  The cervix  forming a connection between the vagina and uterus  The interior of the cervix contains three to four annular حلقى rings or folds that facilitate the main function of the cervix, which is to protect the uterus from the external environment.  The cervix opens interiorly into the uterine body. 8Part I

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10.  The uterus  the body of the uterus serves as a connection between the two uterine horns and the cervix.  The uterine body is the site where semen should be deposited during artificial insemination.  From the uterine body on, the reproductive tract separates and all further structures come in pairs  The two uterine horns consist of three layers of muscle and a heavy network of blood vessels.  The main function of the uterus is to provide suitable environment for fetal development. 10Part I

11. 11  When a cow is bred, either naturally or by artificial insemination, the uterine muscles, under the influence of hormones oxytocin and estrogen, rhythmically contract to aid in sperm transport to the oviducts

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15. R -ovary in cow large and more active than L- ovary ( 60% of ovualtion occurs in R ovary ) 15Part I

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23.  Oviducts,  carry ova( the cow’s eggs.)  The oviducts are also commonly referred to as the fallopian tubes.  The large funnel-like structure on the open end of the oviduct,called the infundibulum, surrounds the ovary, to recover the ova and keeps them from falling into the body cavity rhythmically beat to move ova and a surrounding mass of cells called the cumulus mass down the oviduct to the site of fertilization 23Part I

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25.  The ovaries  The primary organs in a cow’s reproductive tract.  They have two functions: ------to produce eggs and ----- to produce hormones, namely estrogen and progesterone,  On the surface of the ovary, you will usually find two different types of structures. 1-Follicles are fluid filled, blister like structures that contain developing oocytes or eggs  Usually you will find numerous follicles on each ovary that vary in size from barely visible to ones 18 to 20mm in diameter.  The largest follicle present on one of the ovaries is termed the “dominant follicle المهيمن ” and is the most likely candidate for ovulation when the animal comes into heat.  Over time, greater than 95% of the other follicles on the ovary regress and die without ovulating and are replaced by new growing follicles. 25Part I

26. 2- The other structure found on the ovarian surface is the corpus luteum or CL  The CL is the site where ovulation occurred during the previous cycle  Unless there were twin ovulations you should find only one CL located on one of the two ovaries.  The CL will usually have a distinct crown protruding from the ovarian surface, which facilitates identification during rectal palpation.  The CL may also have a fluid filled cavity but usually has a much thicker wall than a follicle and thus a much denser texture.  “Corpus Luteum” is Latin for “yellow body.” While the outside of this structure is usually dark red in appearance, a cross section reveals a bright yellow to yellow-orange interior. 26Part I

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28. Ovary 28 Corpus Luteum Part I

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33. The functional rhythm of Estrous cycle mirrors cyclical changes in ovary 33Part I

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35. Cow’s Reproductive Cycle Reproductive Tract Follicles and New Corpus Luteum Mature Corpus Luteum Estrus = Heat in animal 35Part I

36.  Puberty Appearance of estrus and ovulation in females  Fertility Ability to produce young  Onset of puberty 4-24 month  Recommended age for first service 14 -22 month  Length of estrous cycle 18-24 days (average 21 days)  Length of estrous 12-28 hr.(average 18 hr.)  Time of ovulation 10-15 hr after end of estrous  Optimum time for breeding Mid estrus to end of estrus  Optimum time for breed after parturition 45-60 days Events in Bovine Reproductive Cycle 36Part I

37.  Cattle 9 month,9 days (280 days)  Buffalo 10 month (310 days )  Sheep &goat 5 month  Mare 12 month (365 days)  Camel 13 month Gestation period 37Part I

38. THE ESTROUS CYCLE   Over a period of time, many changes take place in the reproductive system in response to changing hormone levels.   These changes in normal open females repeat every 18 to 21 days.   This regular repetitive cycle is called the estrous cycle 38Part I

39.  How the estrous cycle works starting with a cow in heat on day zero.  One ovary has a large follicle approximately 15 to20mm in diameter.  This follicle has a mature egg inside ready to be released.  The cells lining the follicle are producing the hormone estrogen  Estrogen is transported in the blood stream to all parts of the cow’s body, causing other organs to react in a number of ways. ……..It makes the uterus more sensitive to stimulation and aids in the transport of semen at the time of insemination. …….. It causes the cervix to secrete viscous mucus that flows and lubricates the vagina. …….. is also responsible for all signs of heat including; a red swollen vulva, allowing other cows to mount her, going off feed, holding her ears erect 39Part I

40.  On day 1, the follicle ruptures or “ovulates” releasing the egg to the waiting infundibulum  Several hours prior to ovulation estrogen production declines. As a result, the cow no longer displays the familiar signs of heat.  After ovulation, new types of cells called, luteal cells, grow in the void on the ovary where the follicle was located.  Quite rapidly over the next five to six days these cells grow to form the corpus luteum (CL).  The CL produces another hormone, Progesterone. Progesterone prepares the uterus for pregnancy  Under the influence of progesterone, : ….the uterus produces a nourishing substance for the embryo called uterine milk. …At the same time, progesterone causes a thick mucous plug to form in the cervix, preventing access of bacteria or viruses into the uterus. …. prevents the animal from returning to estrus by regulating the release of gonadotropins from the pituitary gland in the brain 40 Part I

41.  There are two very important gonadotropins produced, stored and released from the pituitary gland.  The first is Follicle stimulating hormone, or FSH. As its name implies FSH stimulates the growth of small follicles.  Luteinizing hormone or LH is the other gonadotropin. LH can also stimulate estrogen production in large follicles. (In addition to supporting progesterone production by the CL)  High levels of estrogen would bring the animal back into heat and make life difficult for a new embryo if she were pregnant.  progesterone’s regulation of FSH and LH is a very important aspect of maintaining the pregnancy. 41Part I

42.  if we did not breed the cow, we do want her to come into heat again. Days 16 through 18 of the estrous cycle are referred to as “the period of maternal recognition.” During this time, the uterus searches itself for the presence of a growing embryo.  If no embryo is detected, the uterus begins to produce another hormone called prostaglandin. Prostaglandin begins to destroy the CL  When the CL is destroyed, no more progesterone is produced and the pituitary gland begins to increase secretion of gonadotrophins.  Increased secretion of LH stimulates the dominant follicle to produce estrogen and bring the animal back into estrus  A full cycle is now completed. The average total time is about 21 days. 42Part I

43. 43  The estrous cycle is subdivided into two phases based on the dominant hormone or ovarian structure during each phase.  The luteal phase begins when the corpus luteum is formed; about 5 to 6 days after the cow was in heat, and ends when the CL regresses, about day 17 to 19 of the cycle. Progesterone levels are high during this phase of the cycle and estrogen levels are low.  The other phase of the cycle; the follicular phase, begins when the CL of one cycle is regressed and ends when the new CL of the following cycle is formed. Thus, the follicular phase encompasses the period of time surrounding estrus  During this phase of the cycle estrogen levels are typically high while progesterone levels are low. As mentioned earlier, follicles may be present on the ovaries throughout the estrous cycle. Part I

44.  Research using ultrasound technology has characterized follicular growth as occurring in “waves.” Normally, an animal will have 2 or 3 waves of follicular growth during a 21-day cycle  The beginning of each wave is characterized by a small rise in FSH followed by rapid growth of numerous follicles. From this wave of follicles, one follicle is selected to grow to a much larger size than the others.  This “dominant” follicle has the ability to regulate or restrict growth of all other follicles on the ovary.  Dominant follicles only remain dominant for a short period of time, 3 to 6 days, which is followed by either cell death and regression or ovulation and release of the egg. Consequently, disappearance of the dominant 44Part I

45. Brief summary At birth each bovine ovary contains about 1 million follicles Less than 0.1 % of follicles will actually be released during ovulation and the rest are re-sorbed The follicle fills with clotted blood during next 5 days The clot is replaced by luteal tissue and become corpus luteum which secrete progesterone (maintains the pregnancy when fertilization occurs) Toward the end of estrous cycle uterus release PGF (initiate destruction of CL if fertilization not occur – luteolysis) Part I45

46. LH -stimulate Estrogen production from follicles - to supporting progesterone production by the CL LH -stimulate Estrogen production from follicles - to supporting progesterone production by the CL Part I46 Pitutary gland Gonadotropin hormones secrete FSH (stimulates follicles growth) FSH (stimulates follicles growth) Follicles (has mature egg) Secrete Estrogen (estrous hormone) Ruptures or ovulates

47. Part I47 Ruptures or ovulates CL Progestrone (pregnancy hormone) Secrete Regulate gonadotropin hormones (FSH,LH) Regulate gonadotropin hormones (FSH,LH) Egg (in infundibulum) --------------------------------- Decrease estrogen

48. Part I48 If no embryo Uterus Produce Prostaglandin Destroy CL No progestrone Pit.gland produce FSH,LH

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59. Hormones of mammals Produced by HypothalamusPituity glandOvarian axis 59Part I

60. Hypothalamus Gonadotropin releasing hormones (GnRH) Regulation release of Pituity hormones LH ( luteinizing hormones ) FSH ( follicle stimulating hormones ) These hormones called Because affect on gonads In turn control production of Steroids has Negative feed back inhibition of secretion Positive feed back stimulates of secretion Steroids has Negative feed back inhibition of secretion Positive feed back stimulates of secretion Gonadotropin releasing hormones (GnRH) Steroids EstrogenProgesterone 60Part I

61. Under effect of FSH Uterus Where fertilization occur Uterus Where fertilization occur Mature follicles Under control of LH Release during ovulation Ovum ( egg) Mature ovum Pass through oviduct 61Part I

62. Key female reproductive hormones HormonesProduced byAction Gonadotropin releasing hormones (Gn RH) HypothalamusRelease FSH, LH FSHPituity glandStimulate growth of Ovarian follice LHPituity glandRegulates ovulation & formation of Corpus luteum EstrogenOvarian folliceControl estrous behavior and LH surge ProgesteroneCorpus luteumProduces pregnancy compatible uterus Prostaglandin F2&Non pregnant uterus Causes regression of Corpus luteum ( luteolysis) 62Part I

63. 63 Estrogen (active form estradol ) Progestrone  Stimulate the normal physiological process of female reproductive tract (heat)  During pregnancy and parturition  Increase vascularity and secretions and endometrial function of female reproductive organs  Prevent estrus  Increase myometrial tone and movement  Produced by corpus luteum Hormones associated with estrous cycle Part I

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71. Estrous synchronization involves 3 basic septs :-   Synchronization of follicular growth   Regulation of CL regression   Regulation of follicular maturition and ovulation All estrous Synchronization protocols control only luteolysis Part I71

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74. Wave 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 0 Day of Cycle Wave 2 Wave 3 Ovulates 74Part I

75. Estrous Synchronization def: A management technique that makes use of hormones to control or reschedule the estrous cycle def: A management technique that makes use of hormones to control or reschedule the estrous cycle  Hormones associated with reproduction  LH & FSH  Progesterone  Estrogen  Prostaglandin 75Part I

76.   Why synchronize? -- Group females for parturition (calving interval) --Shorten breeding season --Reduce estrus detection Advantages of implementing a synchronization program --Calves produced early in season will wean heavier because they are older --Cows require 40-60 days to recover from calving before next breeding --Cows that bred earlier have better chance of maintaining 365 d calving interval the next year 76Part I

77.   Criteria for Evaluating Candidates for Synchronization Fertility rate Calving distribution Cow age Body condition score Calving success 77Part I

78.  Basis for Synchronization of Estrus Manipulate life span of CL Manipulate life span of CL Manipulate growth of follicles and timing of ovulation Manipulate growth of follicles and timing of ovulation 78Part I

79. MethodTradenameUtilization  Gonadotropins  Cystorelin  Fertagyl  Mature females  Prostaglandins  Estrumate  Lutalyse  Prostamate  Cycling females  Progestins  MGA  CIDR  Pre-pubertal heifers  Post-partum or  Anestrous females Synchronization Methods 79Part I

80. Estrous Synchronization Systems Abound Each has its own unique timing Two shot PGF 7-11 Synch Select Synch Ov-synch CO-synch MGA/PGF MGA Select CIDR/PGF CO-synch+CIDR Heat Synch Hybrid Synch Hybrid Synch+CIDR One shot PGF PresynchResynch 80Part I

81.  Synchronization Methods 1- Gonadotropins (GnRH protocols) Naturally occurring hormone that stimulates the release of LH and FSH that stimulates follicular development -------Protocols include Ovsynch and Cosynch 2-Prostaglandins   Naturally occurring hormone that causes regression of the CL (Luteolysis) and decreases progesterone secretion which results in a return to estrus   Can expect estrus within two days following injection   Protocols include PGF one-shot method and PGF two- shot method 81Part I

82. 3-Progestins Form of progesterone that extends the period of time progesterone is present and prevents animal from coming into heat Protocols include MGA +Prostaglandin and CIDR 82Part I

83. Prostaglandins protocol 83Part I

84. Cost $2.50/head 84Part I

85. One Injection of PGF Advantages – –Useful for detection of estrus in heifers and cows – –Decreased drug cost – –Limited animal handling Limitations –10-25% of females may not be detected in estrus during days 0 to 10 –Poor degree of synchrony on females that return to estrus –Must have CL –Length of estrus detection –Abortion 85Part I

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87. Two Injections of PGF Advantages Advantages –Useful for detection of estrus in heifers and cows –Tighter synchrony than one injection method –Can use fixed insemination time after 2 nd injection Limitations –Females must have functional CL –Length of estrus detection –Administration of PGF will cause abortion in pregnant animals 87Part I

88. Example ::::Magic Cows 88Part I

89. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Magic herd of 21 cows with each cow on a different day of the cycle 89Part I

90. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Luteal Magic herd of 21 with each cow on a different day of the cycle 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 days later 90Part I

91. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Luteal One Injection 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Breed Estrus in 3 days Breed Comes into heat and Breed Breed Single Injection system 91Part I

92. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Luteal One Injection 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 8 7 8 9 10 11 days later Second injection Comes into heat and Breed Estrus in 3 days Comes into heat and Breed Double Injection System 92Part I

93. Progestins protocol 93Part I

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95. MGA-GnRH-PG (MGA ® Select) Day 0Day 14Day 33Day 36 Feed MGA 0.5 mg/hd/d Sub-fertile heat Inject PGF 2  Check for estrus and inseminate. Turn in Bulls Day 24 Inject GnRH 95Part I

96. MGA and Prostaglandin Advantages Advantages –Proven system for heifers –Inexpensive method –Can hasten cyclicity in anestrous females Limitations –Length of program –Must have appropriate feeding space to allow efficient consumption –Estrus synchronization may be variable –Must ensure uniform daily consumption of feed supplement prior to and during oral administration of MGA 96Part I

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98. CIDR Advantages Advantages –Useful for detection of estrus in heifers and cows –Induces cyclicity in a percentage of anestrous cattle –High pregnancy rates Limitations –Possible retention failure of CIDR –Cost per treatment may be higher than other methods –An additional day of processing for hormone treatment would be required to facilitate fixed time AI 98Part I

99. Gonadotropins (GnRH) protocol 99Part I

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101. Synch Systems A huge number exist today. A huge number exist today. Each has a unique twist. Each has a unique twist. Not all systems fit all operations. Not all systems fit all operations. Scheduling errors are committed in timing of feed supplements and/or injections. Scheduling errors are committed in timing of feed supplements and/or injections. Comparison of cost/benefit ratio. Comparison of cost/benefit ratio. 101Part I

102. ‘Synch’ Methods Resets the follicular waves Resets the follicular waves 102Part I

103. OvSynch PreSynch Heat-Synch Co-Synch Select Synch 103Part I

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106. GnRH Advantages Advantages –Higher and tighter rate of estrus synchrony compared to PGF protocols –Allows for estrus detection or timed AI Limitations –Higher cost due to hormone injections –Increase of time and labor –Not recommended for use in heifers 106Part I

107. Comparing the Options Treatment Estrus ResponsePregnancy Rate 107Part I

108. Synchronization in the Mare Products used: Equimate, Estrumate, Lutalyse Products used: Equimate, Estrumate, Lutalyse When administered in diestrus, expect ovulation in 7-12 days When administered in diestrus, expect ovulation in 7-12 days If 30-35mm follicle is present, expect ovulation in 2-4 days If 30-35mm follicle is present, expect ovulation in 2-4 days Will only work when fully functional CL is present Will only work when fully functional CL is present “short cycling” refers to restarting the estrous cycle early “short cycling” refers to restarting the estrous cycle early Prostaglandin should be given after day 6 hCG can be given to mares resulting in immediate ovulation hCG can be given to mares resulting in immediate ovulation 108Part I

109. Synchronization in the Sow Prostaglandin will not cause CL regression until day 12 of cycle because LH binds to luteal cell receptor with strong affinity following ovulation and is not released until day 12. Repeated injections over two to three days will regress CL sooner, but is not practical. Prostaglandin will not cause CL regression until day 12 of cycle because LH binds to luteal cell receptor with strong affinity following ovulation and is not released until day 12. Repeated injections over two to three days will regress CL sooner, but is not practical. Common progestins will synchronize estrus but cause ovarian cysts Regumate has been found to be effective Noncycling gilts can be synchronized with P.G. 600 (400 IU eCG and 200 IU hCG) 109Part I

110. Synchronization in the Ewe Most common protocols use either use prostaglandins or CIDR 110Part I

111.   Common causes of failure or poor results with synchronization Wrong system for the situation – –More anestrous females than expected – –Cow system applied to heifers Treatment protocol not followed – –Wrong hormone or wrong intervals Unrealistic expectations 111Part I

112. Super-ovulation Treatment of a female with gonadotropins (generally FSH) to increase the number of oocytes that are selected to become dominant follicles and ovulate – –a typical treatment response in cattle would be 8 to 10 ovulations 112Part I

113. Super-ovulation Procedures Hormones used for Superovulation   FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)   [Short half-life ~2 hours]   Used for commercial SOET   PMSG (pregnant mare serum gonadotropin; ECG)   [Long half-life ~ 2 - 4 days]   Not approved for use in commercial SOET in the US. Used frequently for research in Europe. 113Part I

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115. EMBRYO AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT  For the first four to five days, the embryo moves in the oviduct toward the uterus. Once the embryo gets there, it will be bathed in uterine fluids and continues to grow.  While floating free in the uterus, several membranes, including the amnion, the chorion and the allantois are produced by the early embryo. these membranes are referred to as the placenta.  by the time the period of maternal recognition arrives, days 16 through 18, the fetus and growing placenta will have produced adequate quantities of the chemical signal required to maintain pregnancy.  This signal interferes with the action of prostaglandin on the corpus luteum  The CL is thus retained and continues to produce progesterone, which is essential to maintenance of the pregnancy.  At about 30 days of gestation, the placenta begins to attach to the uterus at several points. The placental sides of these attachment points are called cotyledons while the uterine side has caruncles. 115Part I

116.  The attachment of cotyledons to caruncles is similar to Velcro. This greatly increases the surface area within the attachment point, facilitating exchange of nutrients and waste products between calf and mother by way of arteries and veins leading to and through the umbilical cord  At calving, the muscles in the uterus begin to contract and eventually expel the calf and membranes through a dilated cervix and vagina.  Several hormones including progesterone, estrogen, prolactin, relaxin and corticoids produced by the mother, the fetus, and the placenta, interact to bring about this event  Calving in a clean environment and proper treatment of the cow after a difficult calving will help prevent reproductive problems 116Part I

117. During pregnancy the uterus and its contents move forward and downward in abdominal cavity The uterus is usually located on right hand side because the rumen is on left Signs of parturition :-   Very relaxed ligaments   2-6 times size of vulva   Udder enlarged (begins at 4 th month of geststion period)   Mucous secretion of vagina (start at 7 th month of pregnancy)   Cow returns to estrus 40-60 days after parturition   Average time 70-120 days after parturition is best time to have high conception rate Part I117

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119. Evaluation of reproduction Performance (Fertility index) Calving fert.inse. Dry off calving 0 4 85 309 365 Cholest. Gestation period 280 d. Lactation period 305 d. Dry P.56 d Calving interval 365 d. 119 Part I

120. Stages of Labor  Stage 1 Dilation of cervix  Stage 2 Birth of calf  Stage 3 Delivery of placenta 120Part I

121. Stage I of Labor Calf rotates to upright position Calf rotates to upright position Uterine contractions begin Uterine contractions begin Cervix dilates Cervix dilates Water sac expelled Water sac expelled Cow is: Cow is: Nervous Nervous Kicking at side Kicking at side Lying down Lying down Slight straining Slight straining 121Part I

122. Stage II of Labor Calf enters birth canal Calf enters birth canal Feet & head protrude first Feet & head protrude first Calf delivery complete Calf delivery complete Cow has: Cow has:  Strong frequent straining - lying down  Water sac and/or calf visible  Discharge of fluids 122Part I

123. Stage III of Labor Caruncle attachments Caruncle attachments Relax Uterine contractions Relax Uterine contractions expel membranes expel membranes Cow has: Cow has:  Mild straining  Membranes hanging out  Discharge of fluids 123Part I

124. End of Stage III If dystocia: Palpate for tears /other calves If dystocia: Palpate for tears /other calves 124Part I

125. Recognizing Abnormal Delivery  No progress in 30 minutes  Head, but no feet  Tail only  Stage II: > 2 hours 125Part I

126. Postpartum period (Puerperium) AIBirthAI Birth Pregnancy Postpartum period Pregnancy 12 m 126Part I

127. Postpartum period (Puerperium) The period when the genital system is returing to its non pregnant state The period when the genital system is returing to its non pregnant state Part I127

128. Changes occur during the Puerperium 1.Return of normal ovarian activity (3-4 weeks) 2. Shrinkage of the uterus (25-35 d) 3. Regeneration of the Endometrium (50-60 d) 4. Elimination of bacterial contamination (4-5 weeks) 128Part I

129. Most important postpartum complications 1. Perineal rupture 2. Retained placenta 3. Uterine prolapse 4. Uterine and vaginal rupture 5. Postparturient paraplegia 6. Postparturient uterine atony 7. Postparturient straining 8. Bacterial puerperal diseases 9. Puerperal intoxication 10. Puerperal infection 11. Septic metritis 12. Puerperal tetani 13. Puerperal vaginitis and vulvaitis 129Part I

130. BYE BYE ……. Any problem With good hygiene 130Part I