2. TYPES OF NATURAL DISASTERS A PRESENTATION BY MR..ALLAH DAD KHAN FORMER DIRECTOR GENERAL AGRICULTURE /VISITING PROFESSOR THE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE PESHAWAR EXTENSION KPK PAKISTAN ALLAHDAD52@GMAIL.COM ALLAHDAD52@GMAIL.COM

3. Natural Disaster  Natural disasters are often extreme, sudden events that are usually caused by abrupt climatic changes and certain environmental factors. A natural disaster can cause property damage, econimic damage or loss of life. Man has spent years trying to find ways to predict weather patterns, but it seems that there's still a long way to go because windstorms, earthquakes, floods, diseases, and other types of natural disasters are still striking the earth with death tolls in the millions. Here's a list of the top 10 natural disasters that changed the face of the world.  A natural Disaster is the effect of a Natual Hazard e.g. flood, tornado, hurricane, volcanic eruption, earthquake, heat wave and landslide). It leads to financial, environmental and human losses)

4. 1.Floods  When an expanse of water overflows, it submerges land and destroys everything that gets in its way. This is a flood. Floods are usually caused when the volume of water within a lake, river, or other body of water exceeds the total capacity of the body. Sometimes, the water level rises and causes it to overflow its ch  Worst Case:  The Yangtze River Flood, China 1911 is the longest River in Asia and the third longest river in the world. It flows for 6000Km starting from a glacier in Tibet to Eastern China. It is the main source of irrigation, transport and sanitation for China. It also has The Three Gorges dam built across it which produces most of China’s powerThis flood killed around 100,000 people. This flood made 3, 75,000 homeless and lead of property less of several thousand millions. China’s annual GDP had a decline due to this catastrophe. This calamity resulted in the River extending its borders up to 80 miles (was initially 35 miles).. Flood, China 1911

5. North Sea Flood, Netherlands – 1212  This flood started off in June, 1212 in Netherlands (Now Holland) and it ended after 6 months (including relocation and cleanup activities). It started off with a slight drizzle and ended up creating havoc. It took about 60,000 lives along with it. It caused irreparable loss to life and property. It even affected the far off English Coast. People were dislocated, buildings collapsed, roads got uprooted and property being carried away by the flood water. The citizens of Netherlands had lost faith on life after this debacle. Faith had to re-entrusted, the cities had to be rebuilt after this incident. This process took more than 2 years to happen.

6. Yellow River Flood, China – 1887  The Yellow River Flood, 1887 happened on 28 September, 1887 and the disaster management, cleanup activities went on for the next eight months. It was a devastating flood and killed more than 900,000 people. Yellow river has been in the news for several floods because of its elevated nature and surrounding plains. Farmers/People used to build dikes to control the elevation of the water flowing from this river. But, elevated river beds along with continuous rain lead to this disaster. It was a massive flood and left with massive casualties. The low lying areas were all submerged, destroying agricultural lands and commercial centers. More than 50,000 square Km of land got submerged, leaving 2 million people homeless. The resulting epidemic diseases and lack of essentials (food, clothing, and shelter) claimed many lives and this doubled the corpse number. It is recorded as one of the world’s deadliest natural calamity ever

7. Yangtze River Flood, China – 1935  The Yangtze River Flood, 1935 was one of the major disasters that China has ever experienced. It is biggest incident to happen across the River Yangtze. It happened at a time when there was turmoil, chaos and ‘disaster’ spread throughout the world. It killed around 145,000 people, injured a few millions and left lots of people dislocated. The after-effects of this catastrophe were so dreadful that the people who survived this disaster were killed due to no/little food. Majority of the survivors were killed either due to this reason or due to the dreadful diseases which were spread throughout China. The diseases included Conjunctivitis, Dermatitis, Malaria, Tuberculosis (no cure). The corpses also lead to several contagious dangerous diseases. A few of those committed suicides not able to find jobs, feeling the pressure of carrying a family forward.

8. Worst Pakistan Flood 2010 Pakistan floods  2,000 people lost their lives in these floods in Pakistan and over 20 million affected. Pakistan had sought international help to cope with the catastrophe. Despite mass evacuations, there were fears the death toll will rise as flooding reached the southern province of Sindh and the risk of water-borne disease outbreaks increased in many areas. Still many people are living in camps after one year has passed by.

10. How to prevent from Flood  1. Making of more dams.  2. Planting trees along the rivers and canals.  3.Proper maintenance of rivers and canals.  4.Strengthening the bank of rivers through embankment.  5. Maintaining Drainage System.

11. 2.Earthquakes

12. 26 January 1700 – North Pacific coast of America Magnitude 9 (estimated) Cascadia earthquake  The only North American account of one of the continent's largest earthquakes comes from the oral history of native Americans near Vancouver island which describes how the large community of Pachena bay was wiped out by a huge wave. Across the pacific, the quake was accurately recorded by Japanese observers of the large tsunami that struck Japan on 27 January 1700. The power of that inundation has been used by historians and seismologists to pinpoint the magnitude of the Vancouver quake.

13. 1 November 1755 – Lisbon Earthquake Magnitude 8.7  The near-total destruction of Lisbon and the deaths of a quarter of the city's population were caused by an earthquake, followed by a tsunami and fire, that was felt in north Africa, France and northern Italy. In the age of enlightenment, the cultural impact of the quake spread even further afield as the horrors of Lisbon provided inspiration for sensationalist artworks and philosophical tracts. Voltaire penned a poem on the catastrophe and scientists found a wealth of written first- hand accounts to advance their understanding of the physical world.

14. 13 August 1868 – Arica, Peru (now part of Chile) Magnitude 9 Arica Earthquake  Hawaii also felt the force of the tsunami created by this pacific basin earthquake, but here the destruction was just as heavy in South America with the city of Arequipa destroyed and 25,000 killed. The quake was felt as far away as La Paz in Bolivia. Four hours after the first shocks, waves as high as 16 metres inundated the coast and carried one US gunboat two miles inland to rest precariously on the edge of a 60m cliff.

15. 13 January 1906 – coast of Ecuador Columbia Earthquake Magnitude 8.8  Emanating from the ocean off Ecuador and Colombia, the quake generated a tsunami that killed between 500 and 1,500 people along a coastline from Central America to San Francisco. To the west in Hawaii, rivers suddenly drained about 12 hours after the first shocks, then were submerged as a series of successively larger waves flooded the coast.

16. 15 August 1950 14:09 – Assam-Tibet Magnitude 8.6  Seventy villages simply disappeared in the string of disasters generated by an earthquake with an epicentre in Tibetan Rima but which wrought most destruction in India's Assam state. Across the region, landslides claimed the lives of 1,526 people and rendered parts of the landscape unrecognisable from the air. The quake was followed by severe flooding, and eight days after the first tremors a natural dam on the Subansiri river burst, releasing a seven-metre wall of water against nearby villages. Near the epicentre of the quake, witnesses mentioned "explosive sounds" that seemed to come from high in the air, while seismologists as far away as England and Norway noted "oscillations" in lakes.

17. 4 November 1952 – Kamchatka Earthquake Magnitude 9  The volcanic Russian peninsula was near the epicentre of the quake, but it was the Hawaiian islands that took the brunt of the tsunami that caused a million dollars' worth of damage as waves scoured the coasts, ripping boats from their moorings and, in Honolulu harbour, lifting a cement barge before throwing it down on to a freighter. No deaths were recorded, unless you count the six cows lost by one unfortunate Oahu farmer, who was left cursing an event that had occurred more than 3,000 miles away.

18. 22 May 1960 – Chile, Valdivia earthquake Magnitude 9.5  The world's most powerful earthquake left 4,485 people dead and injured and 2 million homeless after it struck southern Chile in 1960. The port of Puerto Saavedra was destroyed in the ensuing tsunami, which caused $550m worth of damage in Chile and killed a further 170 people as five- metre waves hit the coasts of Japan and the Philippines. A day later Volcán Puyehue in Chile's lake district spewed ash 6,000m into the air in an eruption that lasted for several weeks.Japan

19. 28 March 1964 – Prince William Sound, Alaska Magnitude 9.2  The Gulf of Alaska was devastated by the Prince William Sound earthquake that caused landslides in Anchorage and raised parts of outlying islands by as much as 11 metres. The resulting tsunami reached heights of 67 metres as it swept into the shallow Valdez inlet and was responsible for most of the 128 deaths and $311m worth of damage. The massive water displacement was felt as far away as the Louisiana Gulf coast and registered on tidal gauges in Puerto Rico.

20. 26 December 2004 – Off the west coast of northern SumatraMagnitude 9.1  The deadliest tsunami in history was felt in 14 countries across Asia and east Africa, triggered by a "megathrust" as the Indian tectonic plate was forced beneath the Burmese plate. Indonesia was the worst affected with an estimated 170,000 of the nearly 230,000 dead. With many of the victims' bodies missing, the eventual death toll took a month to establish. Some the world's poorest communities lost more than 60% of their fishing and industrial infrastructure.

21. 27 February 2010 – off Bio-Bio, Chile Earthquake Magnitude 8.8  The region around Concepción has been recorded as a centre for seismic shocks since the 16th century, but few have been as devastating as the early morning quake that generated a Pacific-wide tsunami and cost the lives of 521 people. With a further 12,000 injured and more than 800,000 left homeless, Chile was left reeling at the scale of a disaster that would cost the nation $30bn by the end of 2010.

22. Worst Earthquake in Pakistan

24. 3.Droughts  A drought occurs when a region doesn't receive enough rainfall which leads to a severe deficiency in the water supply. When the situation persists over an extended period, it changes the ecosystem and destroys the agriculture of the region.  Worst Case:  The Horn of Africa witnessed the worst drought in 60 years in 2011, leaving more than 12.4 million people with limited to no food supply. Due to its impact, a draught has to be included in the list of natural disasters.

26. Worst Drought in Pakistan

28. 4.Volcanic Eruption  A volcano is formed when magma from the earth's upper mantle moves to the surface. It takes the form of a pool filled with molten rock. A volcano erupts when pressure builds. This can cause hot ash flows, lava flows, lateral blasts, falling ash, and avalanches. An erupting volcano can often trigger flash floods, tsunamis, mudflows, earthquakes, and rock falls.  Worst Case:  Indonesia witnessed the deadliest volcanic eruption in 1815 when Mount Tambora erupted and killed over 92,000 people.

29. 5.Hurricanes  Cyclones, tropical storms, typhoons, and hurricanes describe the same disaster type. Basically, these types of natural disasters refer to a closed circulation system in the atmosphere that consists of strong winds and low pressure. The winds rotate clockwise in the southern hemisphere and counter clockwise in the northern hemisphere. A tropical cyclone is usually characterized by a low-pressure center with strong winds and spiral rain bands.  Worst Case: Bhola cyclone that hit Bangladesh in 1970 is considered the deadliest since it caused the deaths of over 500,000 lives.

30. 6.Tornadoes  Tornadoes are violent, rotating, funnel-shaped clouds that usually extend from thunderstorms to the ground and have wind speeds of between 50 and 300 mph. A tornado’s path of damage can exceed 50 miles in some cases. Some tornadoes are clearly visible, while others are not. Similarly, there can be only one tornado at a time or there can be a large number of tornado outbreaks along, what are called squall lines.  Worst Case:  Tornadoes are responsible for causing an average of 70 deaths and over 1,500 injuries in the U.S. each year. The Tri-State tornado that hit Illinois, Missouri, and Indiana in 1925 is still the deadliest tornado of all time with a death toll exceeding 695.

31. 7.Tsunami World  Usually caused by a powerful earthquake, underwater explosions, landslides, or volcanic eruptions under the ocean floor, a tsunami is one of the deadliest types of natural disasters and can affect millions of people. Tsunami waves get bigger as they approach the coast and cause tremendous damage.  Worst Case: World  The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami is the deadliest of all time causing about 280,000 deaths.

32. 8.Wildfire  1871Oct. 8–14, Peshtigo, Wis: over 1,500 lives lost and 3.8 million acres burned in nation's worst forest fire.  2014July 14–Aug. 7, Okanogan County, Wash. the largest wildfire in the history of Washington state began when four separate fires were ignited by lightning strikes. The fire burned through 250,000 acres and destroyed an estimated 300 house

33. 2015Sept., Calif.  three major fires raged simultaneously. The Valley Fire burned through 73,000 acres in Lake and Napa Counties, killed one person, destroyed 600 houses, and forced thousands of people to evacuate. The Butte Fire burned in Amador and Calaveras Counties, destroyed more than 450 buildings and made its way through 70,000 acres. Meanwhile, the Rough Fire, the largest of the three fires, burned more than 140,000 acres and threatened to destroy some of the biggest and oldest trees in the world. Gov. Jerry Brown declared a state of emergency for Lake, Napa, Amador and Calaveras Counties.

34. AUSTRALIA  Perhaps the largest wild fire in modern world history was that known as The Black Friday Bushfire in Australia’s Victoria State on January 13, 1939. Some 5 million acres burned (7,800 square miles) and 71 died. About 75% of the entire state was affected and 1,100 homes and log mills were destroyed. Ash from the fires fell in New Zealand some 2000 miles to the east. Australia’s deadliest wild fire, and the nation’s worst natural disaster, was the Black Saturday Fire of February 7-March 14, 2009. A swarm of fires burned 1.1 million acres (1720 square miles) and killed 173, many victims died in their automobiles trying to outrun the flames. 3,500 structures burned across the state of Victoria. The exact cause of the fires (aside from drought, heat, and wind) has never been determined although arson is suspected in several cases

35. Tsunami Pakistan 1945 “Would-be-Pakistan” tsunami“Would-be-Pakistan”  1945 tsunami left a widespread destruction  On 28 November 1945 at 1:56 am (local time), a massive earthquake, off Pakistan’s Makran Coast generated a destructive tsunami in the Northern Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean. Its epicenter was at 24.5 N 63.0 E., in the northern Arabian Sea, about 100 km south of Karachi and about 87 km SSW of Churi (Balochistan), Pakistan. The earthquake was of 8.1 magnitude, major quake. A total of 4,000 people were killed.

36. 9.Extreme Temperatures  Extreme temperatures caused by a heat wave or cold wave are one of many climatological hazards. A heat wave increases the temperature in a certain region and pushes the human body beyond its limit. The same is the case with a cold wave that is accompanied with heavy snowfall and extreme cold, which may lead to hypothermia.  Worst Case:  The deadliest heat wave of all time struck Europe in 2003 and led to 70,000 casualties.

38. Karachi June 20 th 2015 the Worst Heat Wave  More than 1,200 people are dead in Pakistan's deadliest heat wave on record with even more extreme heat on the way.

39. 10.Avalanches  An avalanche is a geophysical hazard caused by a large amount of snow sliding down a mountainside. It is a common sight in some mountains in winter. When an avalanche moves towards ground level, it gains mass by amassing snow from the snowpack and is usually at its highest speed when it gets nearer to the bottom of the slope. An avalanche occurs when the snow packed down on the surface fails to carry its weight. Rapid wind speed, major temperature changes, and manmade influences are other common factors causing avalanches.  Worst Case: The Huascarán avalanche in Peru is considered the deadliest in history – it was triggered by the 1970 Ancash earthquake and killed more than 20,000 people.