1. Begging The Question
Definition: Any form of argument where the conclusion is assumed in one of the premises. It is also called circular reasoning.
Claim X assumes X is true.
Therefore, claim X is true.
Examples:
“Paranormal activity is real because I have experienced what can only be described as paranormal activity.”
“I am innocent to a witch. I know not what a witch is” – The Crucible (Martha Cory).
“People who deny the truth of Marxism are simply dancing to the tune of their capitalist masters, as Marx understood so well.”
Isabella Stachewicz

2. Slippery Slope
A slippery slope is an argument that claims taking a minor action will lead to major and sometimes ridiculous consequences.
In If You Give a Pig a Pancake, Laura Numeroff implies that once the pig is given a pancake he will keep asking for more. This example suggests that once someone offers something the receiver will keep wanting more.
These examples all infer that once one action occurs it is all downhill from there, hence the name slippery slope.
Caroline Bowles

3. STRAW MAN LOGICAL FALLACY
Straw man occurs when someone argues that a person holds a view that they do not actually believe. Instead, it is a distorted version of what the person believes.
Examples:
Cheever and Procter argue over the innocence of Procter in the court. Cheever brings up the issue of religion to overshadow the issue. Cheever’s straw man argument appeals to emotions and prejudices, rather than reason and intellect.
Clinton did not say she wanted to get rid of the 2nd Amendment in any sense. She had expressed support for expanding background check and a possible assault weapons ban. It is simple for Trump to say that she wants to get rid of it, therefore drawing on one of the oldest and most powerful straw men.
Senator Smith says that we should not add to the defense budget. Senator Jones says he cannot believe Senator Smith wants to leave the nation defenseless.
Madison Chambliss
Mrs. Forrester
4th period

4. Appeal to Force
When force, coercion, or a threat is used in the place of a reason in an attempt to justify a conclusion.
If people didn’t disagree with Galileo’s theory of the Earth orbiting the sun, they were excommunicated from the Church.
Giordano Bruno believed there were multiple solar systems in limitless space and the Medieval Inquisition threatened to burn him at the stake unless he changed his views.
Woodrow Wilson warned Germany to stop using German u-boats on civilian ships or else the United States would enter the war.
Caroline Gornto

5. Appeal to Ignorance Jada Taylor 4th period
Assumption of a conclusion or fact based primarily on lack of evidence to the contrary
Argument that your conclusion is right because there is no evidence against it
Allows a speaker to make a claim without substantial proof
Appeal to Ignorance occurs when a person mistakenly believes something to be true that is not, because he or she does not know enough about the subject, or ha not bee given enough evidence, to know otherwise
Climate change is "not a crisis," because "I don't see there's any evidence that it's a crisis."
-Chris Christie, 12/01
In 1950, Senator Joseph R. McCarthy (Republican, Wisconsin) stated, 'I do not have much information on this except the general statement of the agency that there is nothing in the files to disprove his communist connections. Many of McCarthy's followers took this absence of evidence as proof that the person in question was indeed a communist.
The prosecution has the burden of proof and must bring forward enough evidence to satisfy the proof standard of beyond reasonable doubt If the defense can show that there is a lack of evidence to support the prosecution's claim (ultimate thesis to be proved in the trial), then the defense has shown that this claim does not hold up and must be rejected
Jada Taylor
4th period

6. Faulty Causal generalization
Definition: a conclusion drawn on all or many instances of a circumstance that excludes exceptions and is based on irrelevant evidence.
Known as “Jumping to conclusions”
Examples-
Bobby made a 32 on his ACT, so he must be a genius.
In The Yellow Wallpaper, John, “a physician of high standing”, must know what is mentally wrong with his wife since he is a doctor.
Since these accusations were made by pure little girls, these women must be witches and will bring horror onto Salem unless brought to God.
Ella Smyth

7. Weak Analogy
When an analogy is used to prove or disprove an argument, but the analogy is too dissimilar to be effective, that is, it is unlike the argument more than it is like the argument.
Ex 1: "That's why, under my plan, individuals will be required to carry basic health insurance -- just as most states require you to carry auto insurance. Likewise, businesses will be required to either offer their workers health care, or chip in to help cover the cost of their workers." President Obama on Universal Health Coverage
Ex 2: A mad scientist builds a rocket to the sun but plans to embark at night to avoid being cremated.
Ex 3: Students should be allowed to look at their textbooks during examinations. After all, surgeons have X-rays to guide them during an operation, lawyers have briefs to guide them during a trial, carpenters have blueprints to guide them when they are building a house. Why, then, shouldn’t students be allowed to look at their textbooks during an examination?
Blake Somdal

8. Equivocation
The fallacy of equivocation occurs when a key term or phrase in an argument is used in an ambiguous way, with one meaning in one portion of the argument and then another meaning in another portion of the argument, leading to a false conclusion.
EXAMPLES:
1.) Literature: “Be bloody, bold, and resolute; laugh to scorn the power of man, for none of woman born shall harm Macbeth.” (The Weird Sisters, Shakespeare’s Macbeth)
2.) After my son got his vaccine, he developed Autism. Therefore, the vaccine causes Autism.
3.) Politics: “You are either with us, or with the terrorists.” (George Bush)
Abigail Woodley
4th

9. Hasty Generalization
Drawing a conclusion based on a small sample size, rather than looking at statistics that are much more in line with the typical or average situation.
Example 1
My Dad smoked cigarettes and he lived until he was 69. Therefore, cigarettes aren't bad for you
Example 2
4 out of 5 dentists recommend crest toothpaste, so it must be the best.
Example 3
My cousins live in the South and they just married each other. All people who live in the South must be inbred hicks
Noah Sheets

10. The biggest words on this poster are, “A Wonderful Opportunity for YOU”. The significance of this short phrase is that, even though it is obvious that war is a place where millions of people die, this poster makes the war seem like a holiday trip, like the navy is offering the one-time opportunity for young men to travel around the world where they can never otherwise visit. However, the real purpose of this poster is that all young men should be desperate to join the navy by emphasising how they can go on ships and travel around the world, using a virtue word like “wonderful”,  but repressing the fact that they are actually going to war and most likely to be killed.
Card Stacking
Card Stacking is when a writer mentions arguments for their position while omitting those that do not.
Examples can include an ad where a company displays a polished image of its product next to a less-flattering image of a competitor's product, when one political candidate dramatically misrepresents an opponent's policies, or even This navy- recruiting poster during the First World War.
Carissa Potts

11. Bandwagon
1) Abigail: “I go back to Jesus; I kiss His hand. I saw Sarah Good with the Devil! I saw Goody Osburn with the Devil! I saw Bridget Bishop with the Devil!”
Betty: “I saw George Jacobs with the Devil! I saw Goody Howe with the Devil!…I saw Martha Bellow with the Devil!”
Abigail: “I saw Goody Sibber with the Devil!”
Putnam: “The marshal, I’ll call the marshal!”
Betty: “I saw Alice Barrow with the Devil!”
Hale: “Let the marshal bring irons!”
Bandwagon is a persuasive technique and a type of propaganda through which a writer persuades their readers, so that the majority would agree with the argument of the writer. Since the majority agrees, the reader should too. 
2)This Nike commercial, like all Nike commercials, thrives on the bandwagon fallacy. It gives the impression that the greatest athletes are using Nike products and Nike products are the reason they are so incredible at what they do; therefore, you should buy Nike products, too.
3)Bandwagon advertising often takes advantage of peoples' desire to be associated with a winner. Popular tourist destinations get winning athletes to mention the resort right after winning the big game. Winning athletes are also used to sell soft drinks and beer under the assumption that the winning crowd prefers specific products.
Koree Liptort

12. Charlie’s argument shouldn’t be accepted
Attacking the motive
This fallacy occurs when the arguer criticizes the other persons motivation for their claim, rather than considering/finding value in their argument.
Charlie’s argument shouldn’t be accepted
“A man you can bait with a tweet is not a man we can trust…” – Hillary Clinton
“Hillary Clinton can’t be trusted with US security”
Charlie Hagan -4th

13. Ad Hominem by: Elizabeth Michener
Definition: (of an argument reaction) directed against a person rather than the position they are maintaining; relating to or associated with a particular person
Examples
Literal: refers to a claim that the source making the argument has spoken or acted in a way inconsistent with the argument.
A: ‘criticizes the actions of B.’
B: ‘responds that A has acted the same way.’
Circumstantial: Points out that someone is in circumstances such that they are disposed to take a particular position. Does not apply where the source is taking a position by using a logical argument based solely on premises that are generally accepted.
Guilt by Association: Can sometimes also be a type of Ad Hominem fallacy if the argument attacks a source because of the similarity between the views of someone making an argument and other proponents of the argument.
“My opponent for office just received an endorsement from the Puppy Haters Association. Is that the sort of person you would want to vote for?”
Ad Hominem
by: Elizabeth Michener

14. Examples:
Hillary Clinton’s frequent diversions away from the scandal to other issue she deemed more relevant, or scandalous surrounding Trump.
If one person refused to answer a question because it would be awkward or put them in a poor situation, so they bring up something they’re good at instead
If Noah were to ask me about my abilities in soccer, and I brought up basketball.
Red Herring
-a type of illogical fallacy in which the arguer attempts so sway the attention of the argument away from a specific issue or topic to a new issue or topic
Isaac Sherman

15. Loaded Question
Definition: A question that implies the recipient will, or did, do something
Examples 1. “Have you stopped beating your wife?” 2. Katie came home, saw the TV knocked over and broken; she looked at Abbey and asked her, “Why did you break the TV?” 3. In May of 1996 Madeleine Albright, US Ambassador to the UN, was asked ”We have heard that half a million children have died. I mean, that is more children than died in Hiroshima. And, you know, is the price worth it?” There is no evidence that children have died, just that there were rumors.
Sarah Kissar

16. The Either-or Fallacy Luke Clementz 4th Period
Examples
. The Daisy ad (1964) was an ad created by the presidential campaign of Lyndon B. Johnson, wherein it presents two options for America; his election, or complete nuclear destruction. No actual policy is discussed, it simply dichotomised Lyndon’s good with the evil of “certain nuclear destruction.”
. President Bush’s statement, "You're either with us or against us in the fight against terror," is another example, in which the “us” is Bush and his plan. Thus, when you are against his policies, you are for the only other option he presents, terrorism.
. Bertrand Russell gives an excellent example of this fallacy when he says in response to the argument that “wars will never stop; it would be contradictory to human nature,” says that “It is quite obvious that the man who says this delights in war, and would hate a world in which it was eliminated.” Under Russell’s dichotomy, any who disagree with his policies of complete disarmament are simply in it for their own carnal enjoyment, dismissing any possible argument for war afterwards as irrational, making Russell’s side to be the side of good and rationality.
An either-or fallacy is a type of fallacy in which a person makes a statement that presents only two possible options, when there are actually more than those two. This is usually done in order to make a generally repellent idea more appealing by presenting it as “the only real option,” or “The lesser of two evils.”
The Either-or Fallacy
Luke Clementz 4th Period
Luke Clementz

17. The Inconsistency Fallacy:
In terms of a fallacious argument, two or more propositions are asserted that cannot both possibly be true. In a more general sense, holding two or more views/beliefs that cannot all be true together.
“ Almost everything is true. Almost nothing is true”- The Things They Carried pg. 77
“Expect the unexpected” – Any cliché Kungfu Master
“ I believe we are on an irreversible path towards democracy– but that could change” –Dan Quayle
Hugh Sparks

18. The use of pity or potential sadness to strengthen an argument
Examples:
Ginger: Your dog just ran into our house and ransacked our kitchen!
Mary: He would never do that, look at how adorable he is with those puppy eyes!
I really deserve an “A” on this paper, professor. Not only did I study during my grandmother’s funeral, but I also passed up the heart transplant surgery, even though that was the first matching donor in 3 years.
Appeal to Pity
The use of pity or potential sadness to strengthen an argument
Charlie Putzel

19. Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
What is a logical fallacy?
the use of faulty reasoning in an argument
What is an inappropriate appeal to authority?
using a person of authority as evidence to make a claim true
Jessica Reck
p. 2

20. Two Wrongs Make Right
a fallacy of relevance, in which an allegation of wrongdoing is countered with a similar allegation. Its antithesis, "two wrongs don't make a right", is a proverb used to rebuke or renounce wrongful conduct as a response to another's transgression
America does not need to regulate pollution because China is producing more pollution than we are.
Daisy could cheat on Tom with Gatsby because Tom was cheating on her with Myrtle
“An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth” - Hammurabi
Chris Jones
Period 2