2. Wetting is an adsorption process in which an intimate contact of the solid with liquid phase.

3. # Application of wetting in pharmacy

4. Intimate contact of the solid or liquid with liquids is an initial step towards the preparation of suspension & emulsion. In case of granulation prior to tableting, the powder is mixed with a liquid binding agent. This depends on wetting & spreading of liquid over the solid. Film coating requires on wetting & spreading of liquids (coating materials) over the tablet surface. Dissolution of a tablet or capsule facilitates the penetration of liquid into pores of the dosage form.

5. The displacement of air from the surface of sulfur, charcoal, and other powders for the purpose of dispersing these drugs in liquid vehicles. The displacement of air from the matrix of cotton pads and bandages so that medicinal solutions can be absorbed for application to various body areas. The displacement of dirt and debris by the use of detergents in the washing of wounds. The application of medicinal lotions and sprays to the surface of the skin and mucous membranes.

6. When a liquid comes into contact with the solid, the forces of attraction between the liquid and the solid phases begin to play a significant role. In this case, the behavior of the liquid will depend on the balance between the forces of attraction of molecules in the liquid and the forces of attraction between the liquid and the solid phases.

7. In the case of mercury and glass, attractive forces between molecules of mercury and glass are much smaller than the forces of attraction between molecules of mercury themselves. As a result, mercury will come together as a single spherical drop. In contrast, for water and glass (or Mercury & zinc), attractive forces between the solid and liquid molecules are greater than the forces between molecules of liquid themselves, and so the liquid is able to wet the surface of the glass. In the case of mercury and glass, attractive forces between molecules of mercury and glass are much smaller than the forces of attraction between molecules of mercury themselves. As a result, mercury will come together as a single spherical drop. In contrast, for water and glass (or Mercury & zinc), attractive forces between the solid and liquid molecules are greater than the forces between molecules of liquid themselves, and so the liquid is able to wet the surface of the glass.

8. Surfactants used to aid wetting of powders Lowering the interfacial tension Lowering the contact angle between the solids & liquids Displacing air & permit the intimate contact

9. # Contact angle

10. Contact angle can be defined as an angle between the liquid droplet & surface over it spreads. Contact angle is used as an indicator to evaluate the efficiency of a wetting agent. Contact angle takes value between 0 0 to 180 0 The contact angle between a liquid and a solid may be 0 0 signifying complete wetting, or may approach 180 0, at which wetting is insignificant.

11. At equilibrium, the surface and interfacial tensions can be resolved into γ s = γ SL + γ L cos θ ------ Young’s equation Wetting process improves till Cos Ө = 1 or Ө = 0 and this is ideal wetting.

12.  When surfactants are added to water, they facilitate wetting & spreading immediately.  HLB requirement is about 6 to 9.  When a drop of water is placed on a scrupulously clean glass surface, it spreads spontaneously and no contact angle exists. This result can be described by assigning to water a high spreading coefficient on clean glass, or by stating that the contact angle between water and glass is zero.  Draves test is used to determine the efficiency of wetting agents.