How to Use This Presentation

How to Use This Presentation
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Standardized Test Prep Image and Math Focus Bank
Resources Chapter Presentation Bellringers Transparencies Standardized Test Prep Image and Math Focus Bank Visual Concepts

Chapter M1 Table of Contents Section 1 Measuring Motion
Matter in Motion Table of Contents Section 1 Measuring Motion Section 2 What Is a Force? Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes Motion Section 4 Gravity: A Force of Attraction

Chapter M1 Section 1 Measuring Motion Bellringer Describe your position in the classroom using a reference point and a set of reference directions. Record your response in your science journal.

Chapter M1 Section 1 Measuring Motion Objectives Describe the motion of an object by the position of the object in relation to a reference point. Identify the two factors that determine speed. Explain the difference between speed and velocity.

Chapter M1 Objectives, continued
Section 1 Measuring Motion Objectives, continued Analyze the relationship between velocity and acceleration. Demonstrate that changes in motion can be measured and represented on a graph.

Chapter M1 Observing Motion by Using a Reference Point
Section 1 Measuring Motion Observing Motion by Using a Reference Point Motion is an object’s change in position relative to another object, or reference point. The object that appears to stay in place is called a reference point. The direction of an object’s motion can be described with a reference direction, such as north, south, east, west, up, or down. Common Reference Points The Earth’s surface is a common reference point for determining motion.

Chapter M1 Motion Section 1 Measuring Motion
Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept

Speed Depends on Distance and Time
Chapter M1 Section 1 Measuring Motion Speed Depends on Distance and Time Speed is the distance traveled by an object divided by the time taken to travel that distance. The SI unit for speed is meters per second (m/s). Kilometers per hour (km/h), feet per second (ft/s), and miles per hour (mi/h) are other units commonly used to express speed.

Chapter M1 = Speed Depends on Distance and Time, continued
Section 1 Measuring Motion Speed Depends on Distance and Time, continued Determining Average Speed Average speed equals the total distance divided by the total time. average speed = total distance total time Recognizing Speed on a Graph Speed can be shown on a graph of distance versus time, as shown on the next slide.

Chapter M1 Section 1 Measuring Motion

Velocity: Direction Matters
Chapter M1 Section 1 Measuring Motion Velocity: Direction Matters The speed of an object in a particular direction is called velocity. Speed and velocity are two different terms with two different meanings. Velocity must include a reference direction.

Velocity: Direction Matters, continued
Chapter M1 Section 1 Measuring Motion Velocity: Direction Matters, continued Changing Velocity You can think of velocity as the rate of change of an object’s position. An object’s velocity is constant only if its speed and direction don’t change. Combining Velocities You can combine different velocities to find the resultant velocity. The next slide shows how you can combine velocities to find the resultant velocity.

Chapter M1 Acceleration
Section 1 Measuring Motion Acceleration The rate at which velocity changes over time is called acceleration. An object accelerates if its speed, or direction, or both change. An increase in velocity is commonly called positive acceleration. A decrease in velocity is commonly called negative acceleration, or deceleration.

Acceleration, continued
Chapter M1 Section 1 Measuring Motion Acceleration, continued Calculating Average Acceleration You can find average acceleration by using the equation: average acceleration = final velocity  starting velocity time it takes to change velocity Velocity is expressed in meters per second (m/s), and time is expressed in seconds (s). So acceleration is expressed in meters per second per second, or (m/s)/s, which equals m/s2.

Chapter M1 Section 1 Measuring Motion Acceleration, continued Recognizing Acceleration on a Graph Acceleration can be shown on a graph of velocity versus time.

Chapter M1 Section 1 Measuring Motion Acceleration, continued Circular Motion: Continuous Acceleration An object traveling in a circular motion is always changing its direction. Therefore, its velocity is always changing, so it is accelerating. The acceleration that occurs in circular motion is known as centripetal acceleration.

Chapter M1 Section 2 What Is a Force? Bellringer Read pages from your textbook independently.

Chapter M1 Section 2 What Is a Force? Objectives Describe forces, and explain how forces act on objects. Determine the net force when more than one force is acting on an object. Compare balanced and unbalanced forces. Describe ways that unbalanced forces cause changes in motion.

Forces Acting on Objects
Chapter M1 Section 2 What Is a Force? Forces Acting on Objects In science, a force is simply a push or a pull exerted on an object in order to change the motion of the object. All forces have both size and direction. A force can change the acceleration of an object. This acceleration can be a change in the speed or direction of the object. Scientists express force using a unit called the newton (N).

Forces Acting on Objects, continued
Chapter M1 Section 2 What Is a Force? Forces Acting on Objects, continued Unseen Sources and Receivers of Forces It is not always easy to tell what is exerting a force or what is receiving a force. For example, you cannot see what exerts the force that pulls magnets to refrigerators. You cannot see that the air around you is held near Earth’s surface by a force called gravity.

Chapter M1 Determining Net Force
Section 2 What Is a Force? Determining Net Force Usually, more than one force is acting on an object. The net force is the combination all of the forces acting on an object. Determining net force depends on the directions of the forces.

Determining Net Force, continued
Chapter M1 Section 2 What Is a Force? Determining Net Force, continued Forces in the Same Direction Two forces are added to determine the net force if the forces act in the same direction. The net force will be in the same direction as the individual forces. Forces in Different Directions If forces are acting in opposite directions, the net force can be found by subtracting the smaller force from the larger one.

Chapter M1 Section 2 What Is a Force?

Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
Chapter M1 Section 2 What Is a Force? Balanced and Unbalanced Forces Balanced Forces When the forces on an object produce a net force of 0 N, the forces are balanced. Balanced forces will not cause a change in the motion of a moving object. Balanced forces do not cause a nonmoving object to start moving.

Balanced and Unbalanced Forces, continued
Chapter M1 Section 2 What Is a Force? Balanced and Unbalanced Forces, continued Unbalanced Forces When the net force on an object is not 0 N, the forces on the object are unbalanced. Unbalanced forces produce a change in motion, such as a change in speed or a change in direction. Unbalanced forces are necessary to cause a non-moving object to start moving, or to change the motion of moving objects.

Chapter M1 Bellringer Please read pages 14-19 independently.
Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes Motion Bellringer Please read pages independently. When you are done, log on to Kahoot and enter the game pin for today’s game.

Chapter M1 Objectives Explain why friction occurs.
Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes Motion Objectives Explain why friction occurs. List the two types of friction,and give examples of each type. Explain how friction can be both harmful and helpful.

Chapter M1 The Source of Friction
Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes Motion The Source of Friction Friction is a force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are in contact. Friction occurs because the surface of any object is rough. Even surfaces that feel smooth are covered with microscopic hills and valleys.

The Source of Friction, continued
Chapter M1 Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes Motion The Source of Friction, continued When two surfaces are in contact, the microscopic hills and valleys of one surface stick to the tiny hills and valleys of the other surface. This contact causes friction.

Chapter M1 Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes Motion The Source of Friction, continued The Effect of Force on Friction The amount of friction depends on the force pushing the surfaces together. If this force increases, the hills and valleys of the surfaces can come into closer contact. The close contact increases the friction between the surfaces. Objects that weigh less exert less downward force than objects that weigh more, as shown on the next slide.

Chapter M1 Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes Motion

Chapter M1 Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes Motion The Source of Friction, continued The Effect of Rougher Surfaces on Friction Rough surfaces have more microscopic hills and valleys than smooth surfaces do. So, the rougher the surface is, the greater the friction is.

Chapter M1 Types of Friction
Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes Motion Types of Friction Kinetic Friction The word kinetic means “moving.” So, kinetic friction is friction between moving surfaces. The amount of kinetic friction between two surfaces depends in part on how the surfaces move. Surfaces can slide past each other, or a surface can roll over another surface.

Types of Friction, continued
Chapter M1 Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes Motion Types of Friction, continued Usually, the force of sliding kinetic friction is greater than the force of rolling kinetic friction. It is usually easier to move objects on wheels than to slide the objects along the floor, as shown below.

Types of Friction, continued
Chapter M1 Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes Motion Types of Friction, continued Static Friction When a force is applied to an object but does not cause the object to move, static friction occurs. The word static means “not moving.” The object does not move because the force of static friction balances the force applied. Static friction disappears as soon as an object starts moving, and then kinetic friction immediately occurs.

Friction: Harmful and Helpful
Chapter M1 Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes Motion Friction: Harmful and Helpful Without friction, a car’s tires could not push against the ground to move the car forward, and the brakes could not stop the car. Without friction, a car is useless. However, friction can also cause problems in a car. Friction between moving engine parts increases their temperature and causes the parts to wear down. Friction can be both harmful and helpful, so it may be necessary to decrease or increase friction.

Friction: Harmful and Helpful, continued
Chapter M1 Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes Motion Friction: Harmful and Helpful, continued Some Ways to Reduce Friction One way to reduce friction is to use lubricants. Lubricants are substances that are applied to surfaces to reduce the friction between the surfaces. Some examples of common lubricants are motor oil, wax, and grease. Lubricants are usually liquids, but they can be solids or gases.

Chapter M1 Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes Motion Friction: Harmful and Helpful, continued Friction can be reduced by switching from sliding kinetic friction to rolling kinetic friction. Ball bearings can be placed between wheels and axels to make it easier for wheels to turn by reducing friction. Another way to reduce friction is to make surfaces that rub against each other smoother.

Chapter M1 Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes Motion Friction: Harmful and Helpful, continued Some Ways to Increase Friction Making surfaces rougher is one way to increase friction. For example, sand scattered on icy roads keeps cars from skidding. Another way to increase friction is to increase the force pushing the surfaces together. For example, if you are sanding a piece of wood, you can sand the wood faster by pressing harder on the sandpaper.

Chapter M1 Section 4 Gravity: A Force of Attraction Bellringer Work to complete the crossword available at your seat. Gravity: A Force of Attraction

Chapter M1 Objectives Describe gravity and its effect on matter.
Section 4 Gravity: A Force of Attraction Objectives Describe gravity and its effect on matter. Explain the law of universal gravitation. Describe the difference between mass and weight.

The Effects of Gravity on Matter
Chapter M1 Section 4 Gravity: A Force of Attraction The Effects of Gravity on Matter Gravity is a force of attraction between objects that is due to their masses. Gravity can change the motion of an object by changing its speed, direction, or both. All matter has mass, and gravity is a result of mass. Therefore, all matter is affected by gravity and all objects experience an attraction toward all other objects. The mass of most objects is too small to cause a force large enough to move objects toward each other.

The Effects of Gravity on Matter, continued
Chapter M1 Section 4 Gravity: A Force of Attraction The Effects of Gravity on Matter, continued The Size of Earth’s Gravitational Force Compared with all objects around you, Earth has a huge mass. Therefore, Earth’s gravitational force is very large. You must apply forces to overcome the Earth’s gravitational force any time you lift objects or even parts of your body.

Newton and the Study of Gravity
Chapter M1 Section 4 Gravity: A Force of Attraction Newton and the Study of Gravity The Core of an Idea Why do objects fall toward the Earth? What keeps the planets moving in the sky? In 1665, British scientist Sir Isaac Newton made the connection between these two questions when, as legend has it, he saw an apple falling from a tree.

Newton and the Study of Gravity, continued
Chapter M1 Section 4 Gravity: A Force of Attraction Newton and the Study of Gravity, continued Newton knew that unbalanced forces are needed to change the motion of objects. He concluded that an unbalanced force on the apple made the apple fall. He also reasoned that an unbalanced force on the moon kept the moon moving around the Earth. He proposed that these two forces are actually the same force––gravity.

Newton and the Study of Gravity, continued
Chapter M1 Section 4 Gravity: A Force of Attraction Newton and the Study of Gravity, continued The Birth of a Law Newton summarized his ideas about gravity in a law known as the law of universal gravitation. This law describes the relationships between gravitational force, mass, and distance. The law is called universal because it applies to all objects in the universe.

The Law of Universal Gravitation
Chapter M1 Section 4 Gravity: A Force of Attraction The Law of Universal Gravitation Part 1: Gravitational Force Increases as Mass Increases Gravitational force is small between objects that have small masses. Gravitational force is large when the mass of one or both objects is large. Part 2: Gravitational Force Decreases as Distance Increases Gravitational force is strong when distance between two objects is small. If the distance between two objects increases, the gravitational force pulling them together decreases rapidly.

Chapter M1 Section 4 Gravity: A Force of Attraction

Weight as a Measure of Gravitational Force
Chapter M1 Section 4 Gravity: A Force of Attraction Weight as a Measure of Gravitational Force The Differences Between Weight and Mass Weight is related to mass, but they are not the same. Weight is a measure of the gravitational force on an object. Weight changes whenever gravitational force changes. Mass is the amount of matter in an object. An object’s mass does not change if gravitational force changes.

Weight as a Measure of Gravity, continued
Chapter M1 Section 4 Gravity: A Force of Attraction Weight as a Measure of Gravity, continued Units of Weight and Mass The SI unit of force is a newton (N). Gravity is a force, and weight is a measure of gravity. So, weight is also measured in newtons. The SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg). Mass is often measured in grams (g) and milligrams (mg) as well. On Earth, a 100 g object weighs about 1 N.

Chapter M1 Matter in Motion Concept Map Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide. speed time velocity motion acceleration

Chapter M1 Matter in Motion

End of Chapter M1 Show

Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter M1 Reading Read each of the passages. Then answer the questions that follow each passage.

Chapter M1 Passage 1 If you look closely at the surface of a golf ball, you’ll see dozens of tiny dimples. When air flows past these dimples, the air is stirred up and stays near the surface of the ball. By keeping air moving near the surface of the ball, the dimples help the golf ball move faster and farther through the air. Continued on the next slide

Chapter M1 Passage 1, continued Jeff DiTullio, a teacher at MIT in Cambridge, Massachusetts, decided to apply this principle to a baseball bat. When DiTullio tested his dimpled bat in a wind tunnel, he found that the bat could be swung 3% to 5% faster than a bat without dimples. That increase may not seem like much, but the dimpled bat could add about 5 m of distance to a fly ball!

Chapter M1 1. Who is Jeff DiTullio?
Standardized Test Preparation Chapter M1 1. Who is Jeff DiTullio? A the inventor of the dimpled golf ball B a teacher at Cambridge University C the inventor of the dimpled bat D a professional baseball player

Chapter M1 2. Which of the following ideas is NOT stated in the passage? F Dimples make DiTullio’s bat move faster. G MIT is in Cambridge, Massachusetts. H Air that is stirred up near the surface of DiTullio’s bat makes it easier to swing the bat faster. I DiTullio will make a lot of money from his invention.

Chapter M1 3. In the passage, what does wind tunnel mean?
Standardized Test Preparation Chapter M1 3. In the passage, what does wind tunnel mean? A a place to practice batting B a place to test the speed of objects in the air C a baseball stadium D a passageway that is shielded from the wind

Chapter M1 Passage 2 The Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, California, is one of the most famous landmarks in the world. Approximately 9 million people from around the world visit the bridge each year. The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge. A suspension bridge is one in which the roadway is hung, or suspended, from huge cables that extend from one end of the bridge to the other. Continued on the next slide

Chapter M1 Passage 2, continued The main cables on the Golden Gate Bridge are 2.33 km long. Many forces act on the main cables. For example, smaller cables pull down on the main cables to connect the roadway to the main cables. And two towers that are 227 m tall push up on the main cables. The forces on the main cable must be balanced, or the bridge will collapse.

Chapter M1 1. In this passage, what does landmarks mean?
Standardized Test Preparation Chapter M1 1. In this passage, what does landmarks mean? A large areas of land B well-known places C street signs D places where people meet

Chapter M1 2. Which of the following statements is a fact from the passage? F The roadway of the Golden Gate Bridge is suspended from huge cables. G The towers of the Golden Gate Bridge are 2.33 km tall. H The main cables connect the roadway to the towers. I The forces on the cables are not balanced.

Chapter M1 3. According to the passage, why do people from around the world visit the Golden Gate Bridge? A It is the longest bridge in the world. B It is a suspension bridge. C It is the only bridge that is painted orange. D It is a famous landmark.

Interpreting Graphics
Standardized Test Preparation Chapter M1 Interpreting Graphics The graph below shows the data collected by a student as she watched a squirrel running on the ground. Use the graph below to answer the questions that follow.

Chapter M1 1. Which of the following best describes the motion of the squirrel between 5 s and 8 s? A The squirrel’s speed increased. B The squirrel’s speed decreased. C The squirrel’s speed did not change. D The squirrel moved backward.

Chapter M1 2. Which of the following statements about the motion of the squirrel is true? F The squirrel moved with the greatest speed between 0 s and 5 s. G The squirrel moved with the greatest speed between 8 s and 10 s. H The squirrel moved with a constant speed between 0 s and 8 s. I The squirrel moved with a constant speed between 5 s and 10 s.

Chapter M1 3. What is the average speed of the squirrel between 8 s and 10 s? A 0.4 m/s B 1 m/s C 2 m/s D 4 m/s

Chapter M1 Math Read each question and choose the best answer.
Standardized Test Preparation Chapter M1 Math Read each question and choose the best answer.

Chapter M1 1. The distance between Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and Sioux Falls, South Dakota, is about 660 km. How long will it take a car traveling with an average speed of 95 km/h to drive from Cedar Rapids to Sioux Falls? A less than 1 h B about 3 h C about 7 h D about 10 h

Chapter M1 2. Martha counted the number of people in each group that walked into her school’s cafeteria. In the first 10 groups, she counted the following numbers of people: 6, 4, 9, 6, 4, 10, 9, 5, 9, and 8. What is the mode of this set of data? F 6 G 7 H 9 I 10

Chapter M1 3. Which of the following terms describes the angle marked in the triangle below. A acute B obtuse C right D None of the above 42°

Chapter M1 4. Donnell collected money for a charity fundraiser. After one hour, he counted the money and found that he had raised $10.00 in bills and $3.74 in coins. Which of the following represents the number of coins he collected? F 4 pennies, 9 nickels, 18 dimes, and 6 quarters G 9 pennies, 7 nickels, 18 dimes, and 6 quarters H 6 pennies, 7 nickels, 15 dimes, and 8 quarters I 9 pennies, 8 nickels, 12 dimes, and 3 quarters

Chapter M1 Section 2 What Is a Force?

Chapter M1

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