1. CH 5: Applying the Modality Principle
When words and graphic accompany each other, present words as speech rather than onscreen text

2. Exceptions to Modality Principle
Under the below circumstances, written text can replace spoken text:
Absence of graphics/images
Technical demands for sound (e.g. bandwidth, sound cards, headsets,…)
High cost
Written text needed for memory support (e.g. exercise instructions, math formulas,…)

3. CH 6: Applying the Redundancy Principle
Avoid presenting words as narration AND identical text in the presence of graphics

4. Exceptions to Redundancy Principle (or Redundancy Principle 2)
Consider the narration of onscreen text in the below special circumstances:
Absence of pictures
Enough time for processing both pictures AND words
Possibility of learner experiencing difficulty processing spoken words (e.g. non-native speakers)

5. Information Delivery vs. Cognitive Theory (continued)
Info Delivery Theory
As long as the content is the same, then:
Spoken Text = Written Text
Cognitive Theory
Separate information processing channels are used for visual/pictorial info and auditory/verbal info
Sensory channels have limited information processing capacities
Learners actively engage in building verbal mental models as well as pictorial mental models with connections between them, therefore, when accompanying pictorial info:
Spoken Text > Written Text