1. How our hormones function
The Endocrine System
How our hormones function
The
Endocrine
System
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2. What is the Endocrine System?
Series of cells, tissues, and organs that secrete hormones into body fluids (blood).
Hormone= a chemical secreted by endocrine glands which has a specific effect on another cell or organ.

3. Where are the major endocrine glands located?
Added info
Gland= organ that is made up of epithelial tissue
Secrete hormones.

5. What do hormones control?
Reproduction
Growth and development
Maintain homeostasis
Regulation of metabolism
Increasing bodies defenses
Gets “stuff” through cell membranes.

6. How do hormones work?
Hormones are produced by specialized cells in glands.
Glands secrete hormones into extra-cellular fluids
Blood transfers hormones to target sites
Hormones cause changes in target cells

7. What organic compounds are hormones made of?
Amino acid-based hormones
Steroids – made from cholesterol; sex hormones, and adrenal cortex
Prostaglandins – local hormones made from lipids

8. What are the two types of hormones? Fig 9.1
Steroid Hormones
Soluble in fat. Penetrate cell membrane.
Reach nucleus
Nonsteroid Hormones
Not soluble in fat. Bind to cell membrane.
Cascade of chemical reactions.
Steroid
Hormone
Adrenalin
The non Steroid
Hormone

9. How are Hormone Secretions Controlled?
Neg.
Sys.
Negative Feedback System
Gland A secretes causing Gland B to secrete. Gland B’s secretions inhibit A. Like a thermostat.
Nerve Control
Controlled by the brain. Complicated.
There are Positive feedback systems- but they are limited.

10. What can go wrong if there is a loss of hormonal control?
Dwarfism (Hypopitutiary dwarfism)
GH= Growth hormone
When inadequate amounts are secreted.
Short, underdeveloped, lack full adult sexual features.
Treatment: Hormone therapy if diagnosed early
Dwarfism
Movies

11. Gigantism can also be an issue.
Too much growth hormone.
8ft +
Usually caused by a tumor that has developed in the pituitary gland causing too much GH to be secreted.
Life expectancy is not full due
to strain on the heart.

12. The Pituitary Gland Location: Between the eyes and ears.
Hangs by the hypothalamus stalk.
Has two functional lobes
Anterior pituitary – glandular tissue
Posterior pituitary – nervous tissue

13. 6 Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary Gland
Growth Hormone (GH)- Stimulates Mitosis
Prolactin- Milk Production After Birth of Baby
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)- Plays role in Metabolism
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) And
Luteinizing hormone (LH)- Releases egg from follicle & regulates testosterone
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)- Stimulates follicles to develop in the ovaries & sperm to develop in the testes.
Pituitary
And
Hormones

14. The 2 Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary
Oxytocin- Contracts uterus during labor & stimulates milk ejection.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)- Inhibits urine production, can increase blood pressure through vasoconstriction/water retention.

15. Thyroid Gland Butterfly shape at the base of the throat
Produces two hormones
Thyroid hormones (T4 & T3) regulate the metabolism of carbs, lipids, & proteins.
Calcitonin decrease Ca+ in the blood (more for your bones).
Thyroid Gland
Rotation

16. What can go wrong with the Thyroid?
A goiter.
A lack of Iodine in the diet (3rd world countries) or too much TSH (Thyroid Stimulating hormone)
Thyroid
Gland
Tumor

17. Parathyroid Glands On each of the 4 corners of the thyroid.
Rotation
On each of the 4 corners of the thyroid.
Stimulate osteoclasts to remove calcium from bone
Stimulate the kidneys and intestine to absorb more calcium
Raise calcium levels in the blood

18. Adrenal Glands Two glands Cortex – outer glandular region
Medulla – inner neural tissue region
Sit on top of the kidneys

19. Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex
Glucocorticoids (including cortisone and cortisol)
Increases the use of fat, proteins (A.A) and sugar when body needs energy
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Regulate electrolyte balance
Target organ is the kidney

20. Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex
Sex hormones
Produced in the inner layer of the adrenal cortex
Androgens (male) and some estrogen (female)

21. Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla
Produces two similar hormones that prepare the body to deal with short-term stress
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine

22. Pancreatic Islets The islets of the pancreas produce hormones
Insulin, Glucose,
& Diabetes
Pancreatic Islets
The islets of the pancreas produce hormones
Insulin – allows glucose to cross plasma membranes into cells from beta cells
Glucagon – allows glucose to enter the blood from alpha cells
These hormones are antagonists that maintain blood sugar homeostasis.

23. Pineal Gland Found on the third ventricle of the brain
Secretes melatonin
Helps establish the body’s wake and sleep cycles

24. Thymus Located posterior to sternum Largest in infants and children
Produces thymosin
Matures some types of white blood cells
Important in developing the immune system

25. Hormones of the Ovaries
Estrogens
Stimulates the development of secondary female characteristics
Matures female reproductive organs
Also produced by the placenta.

26. Estrogen, continued
Helps prepare the uterus to receive a fertilized egg
Helps maintain pregnancy
Prepares the breasts to produce milk

27. Progesterone Produced by the corpus luteum
Acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle
Helps in the implantation of an embryo in the uterus

28. Hormones of the Testes
Interstitial cells of testes are hormone-producing
Produce several androgens Testosterone is the most important of them.

29. Testosterone Responsible for adult male secondary sex characteristics
Promotes growth and maturation of male reproductive system
Required for sperm cell production

30. Other Hormone Producing Tissues and Organs
Parts of the small intestine
Parts of the stomach
Kidneys
Heart
Many other areas have scattered endocrine cells
Placenta

31. Development Aspects of the Endocrine System
Menopause
Growth hormone production declines with age
Many endocrine glands decrease output with age