2. The characteristics of Finnish guidance and counselling services
Education and training of guidance professionals
Strong research base
Support from the policy-makers
PES and school system complement each other

4. Guidance at different educational levels
Pre-primary education
Basic education
Goals set by a national curriculum
Guidance counsellors at schools and class teachers
Class-based lessons in guidance and counselling at grades 7-9

5. Basic education (continues)
Special needs education and remedial instruction
Preparatory training for immigrants
Before and after school groups
Additional basic education (10th grade)
Preparatory training

6. Secondary level education
General upper secondary schools
Goals set by a national curriculum
Guidance counsellors at schools and group advisers
Course in guidance and counselling

7. Secondary level education
Vocational education and training
Guidance counsellors at schools, teachers and workplace instructors
On-the-job learning and skills demonstrations
Special needs education

8. Higher education A dual system Student counselling services
Universities
Polytechnics (Universities of applied sciences
Student counselling services
Study affairs secretaries or counsellors
Careers and recruitment services Employment advisers and counsellors

9. Adult education Liberal adult education General adult education
Vocational education and training for adults
Competence-based qualification
Labour market training for adults

10. Guidance and counselling at Public Employment Services (PES)
Centres for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment (15)
Employment and Economic Development Offices (74)
Labour force service centres (35)

11. In charge of guidance and counselling at PES
Employment advisers and counsellors
Education advisers
Vocational guidance psychologists
Higher education advisers
Rehabilitation advisers

12. Training of guidance practitioners at PES
Vocational guidance psychologist needs a grade in psychology
Other practitioners have no formal qualification requirements
In-service training provided within the field

13. Training of guidance practitioners at schools
Master in Education, major in guidance and counselling + teacher qualification
Teacher qualification + 60 credits of guidance and counselling
Vocational teacher qualification + 60 credits of guidance and counselling
Multiform training available
In-service training provided within the field

14. What lies ahead?
Information and communication networks will become more important
Significance of guidance and counselling will grow
Common challenges in all countries
Ways and methods to give guidance and counselling will become more varied