1. Mountain Building, Volcanoes, and Earthquakes

2. Bellwork – 3-17 What theory is the cartoon at right making fun of?
Name the type of plate boundary and what may form there: A B
What is a subduction zone? What kind of boundary do they form at.
What is the theory of sea floor spreading
What is the theory of plate tectonics?
What causes the plates to move

3. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HrKTuCDierM&fe ature=youtu.be

4. Notes Exit Quiz – answer on an index card
Why wasn’t the theory of continental drift widely accepted?
What theory says that the lithosphere is divided into 7 plates that are moving?
What is a plate boundary?
What happens at a subduction zones?
Draw a transform boundary and describe what might form there
What do scientists call the area around the pacific ocean with a lot of volcanic and seismic activity?

5. Bellwork 3/18 List and draw the 3 kinds of plate boundaries
What type of plate boundary is shown
Which types of lithosphere are colliding at this boundary?
Which kinds of landforms are likely to form at this boundary
How do scientists explain how the plates move?

6. EQ: How do mountains form?
SC.7.E.6.5 & 6.7
Describe what forces cause mountain building, and how it is related to plate tectonics.

7. How can plate tectonic motion cause deformation?
Plate movement causes stress on rock structures.
Deformation – when a rock changes shape due to stress. – (great pressure and heat)
Deformation occurs when rock layers bend or break under stress
Rocks all start out as layers deposited on top of eachother over time.
Bending
Breaking
forms folds
Forms faults

8. What are 2 kinds of folds?
Folds occur when rock layers bend under stress
Folds are classified based on the age of the rock layers

9. 1. Synclines
Youngest layers are found at the core of a fold (center) and older layers are on the outside
Appear arched inward like a bowl
Youngest rocks
oldest rocks

10. 2. Anticlines The oldest layers are found at core (middle)
Youngest layers are found on the outside of the fold
They appear arched upward. They are high in the middle
oldest rocks
Youngest rocks

11. Where are the synclines and anticlines?

12. What are faults?
Fault – the crack that forms when large blocks of rock break and move past each other
The blocks of rock on either side of the fault are called fault blocks
Fault type depends on the type of stress and how the blocks move.

13. What are the 3 types of Moutains?
The movement of material and heat in Earth’s interior moves the plates that cause Moutain Building
They can form through folding, volcanoes, and faulting.
Uplifting – when the land rises or mountains form
Plates are always in motion so mts are always forming.

14. What are the 3 types of mountains?
Type of mt
Folded
Volcanic
Fault block
How formed
Type of boundary they form at
Picture
example

15. Exit: Name the kind of plate movement and the mountains it formed pictured below.

16. Volcanoes

17. Bellwork – T/F
Lava is inside earths crust and may contain trapped gases
Volcanoes can form at divergent plate boundaries
A subduction zone is formed at transform boundaries
Dormant volcanoes will never erupt
Volcanoes can only form at plate boundaries

18. Volcanoes EQ: How do volcanoes change the Earth’s Surface?
Describe formation of volcanoes, eruptions, and how they change the earth’s surface.

19. What is a volcano?
Volcano: any place where gas, ash, or melted rock come out of the ground.
Can be a mountain or a crack in the ground
Can be on land or under water

20. What is a volcano?
Volcanoes form as rock below the surface melts and becomes magma
The warm magma rises to surface and becomes lava.
Lava and clouds of gas erupt from an opening called a vent

21. Label the parts of the volcano
Magma, lava, vent, ash cloud

22. What are the kinds of volcanic landforms?
Fissures and lava plateaus – when lava flows form giant cracks in earth’s surface forming a long flattened layer called a lava plateau
Craters – an opening or depression at the top of a volcano caused by eruptions
Caldera – When the magma chamber empties below a volcano and it collapses leaving a basin shaped depression
Volcanic Mountains - Classified based on eruption

23. Volcanic mountains Shield Cinder Cone Composite
Broad base and gently sloping sides – as layers of lava flow from the vent and build up
Steep volcano made from bits of cinders and solidified lava that fall back to the ground around after an eruption
Formed from alternating layers of lava and hot ash and bits of rock
Form from mild eruptions
Explosive eruptions
Alternating mild eruptions and explosive eruptions

24. Shield Volcano
‘’ Broad base and gently sloping sides – as layers of lava flow from the vent and build up
Mild non explosive lava eruptions
It is usually many times larger than a composite cone or cinder cone volcano.
Mauna Kea volcano
picture from

25. Cinder Cone - Paracútin
Steep volcano made from bits of cinders and solidified lava that fall back to the ground around after an eruption
smaller
Explosive eruptions – also called pyroclastic
On February 20, 1943, a Mexican farmer noticed that a hole in his cornfield that had been there for as long as he could remember was giving off smoke.
Throughout the night, hot glowing cinders were thrown high into the air.
In just a few days, a cinder cone several hundred meters high covered his cornfield.

26. Composite Volcano – Mount St. Helens
Formed from alternating layers of lava and hot ash and bits of rock
Alternating mild eruptions and explosive eruptions
Erupted in 1980
57 fatalities
Over 7000 big game animals perished
4 billion board feet of timber (enough to build about 300,000 two- bedroom homes) destroyed
Destroyed 27 bridges, nearly 200 homes. Blast and lahars destroyed more than 185 miles of highways and roads and 15 miles of railways.

27. Where do volcanoes form?
Volcanoes can form at Plate Boundaries or in the middle of a tectonic plate

28. Volcanoes at divergent boundaries
Plates move away from each other
Create fissure eruptions and sheild volcanoes
Ex/ mid ocean ridge and rift valleys

29. Volcanoes at convergent boundaries
Plates move toward each other at subduction zones
Form composite volcanoes and calderas as magma rises and erupts
Cascade Mt Range

30. Volcanoes at Hot Spots
In the middle of a plate when a mantle plume rises to the lithosphere
Forms chains of volcanic mountains
Hawaiian islands

31. Exit: T/F Lava is inside earths crust and may contain trapped gases
The of volcano shown is a shield volcano
Volcanoes can form at divergent plate boundaries
Hot spots are located on tectonic plate boundaries.
Composite volcanoes have alternating explosive and mild eruptions.

32. Bellwork
The volcano pictured above is a composite volcano. How did it get it’s layered interior?
What kind of volcano is pictured at the right? How do you know?
What is a hot spot volcano?

33. Bellwork
A bakery offers white, chocolate or yellow cake with white or chocolate frosting. There are also 24 different cake designs to choose from. How many different types of cakes can a customer order.
What is the probability that a customer will order a chocolate cake?
What kind of stress on rocks causes them to break?
What kind of mountains are formed from this kind of stress?

34. Bellwork:
Use the handout to complete the graphic organizer on Faults:

35. Earth quakes
EQ: why do earthquakes happen

36. What are 3 kinds of faults?
Fault – the crack that forms when large blocks of rock break and move past each other
The blocks of rock on either side of the fault are called fault blocks
Fault type depends on the type of stress and how the blocks move.
Fault plane – where 2 blocks meet
Hanging wall – block above the fault plane
Foot wall – block below the fault plane

37. Strike Slip Fault Fault blocks move past each other horizontally
Type of stress – Sheer – rock sliding in parallel opposite directions.
Happen along transform boundaries
Forms earthquakes

38. Normal faults Hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall
Type of stress = tension – stress that pulls rock apart
Happens along divergent boundaries
Forms basins

39. Reverse Fault Hanging wall moves up relative to the foot wall
Type of stress – compression - rocks are pushed together.
Found at convergent boundaries
Forms mountains

40. What is an earthquake
Earthquakes are ground movements that occur when blocks of rock in earth move suddenly and release energy
The energy released = seismic waves
Most occur at plate boundaries – stress causes rocks to break (fault) –when the stress is released = earthquake

41. What are the parts of an earthquake
Focus – place in earth in which the first motion occurs
Epicenter – on earth’s surface directly above the focus
Seismic Waves come out from the focus
Fault line – where the rock breaks

42. Bellwork List the 3 kinds of faults Label the diagram of an earthquake
What causes earthquakes?

43. Elastic rebound – this slide shows elastic rebound
Elastic rebound – this slide shows elastic rebound. Using your knowledge of faults, describe what you think is happening in this picture (use the words pressure, stress, deformation, fault rock to help in your explanation)

44. What is elastic rebound?
Rock moves back to its original shape
Stress is released along fault
Stress builds up
Rock deforms (changes shape)
Rock is put under pressure
Rock is put under pressure

45. Types of faults video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HcH-eTT5fZI
As you watch be able to answer:
What is a fault
What are 3 kinds of faults
What is formed at each of the 3 kinds of faults
What kind of fault is the San Andreas Fault
Could California fall into the ocean? Why or Why not

46. Earthquake foldable: STRIKE-SLIP FAULT REVERSE FAULT NORMAL FAULT
3 door Earthquake foldable directions: Fold a piece of notebook paper in half lengthwise (hot dog), then fold into thirds. Cut the front cover as shown
Front: Cut out and paste the pictures of the types of faults AND their names . Label the footwall and hanging wall and draw arrows to show the kind of movement.
Inside Left: Write the name of the type of plate boundary found at this type of fault and describe the plate movement (see word bank below)
Inside Right: Describe the type of stress on the plates . Draw a set of arrows to indicate the direction of the stress/ forces (word choices below)
FAULTS
STRIKE-SLIP FAULT
REVERSE FAULT
NORMAL FAULT
At transform plate boundaries
At divergent plate boundaries
At convergent plate boundaries
Sheer stress slides the rocks past each other in opposite directions
Tension forces pull blocks apart. One drops down relative to the other.
Compression forces push the blocks together. One block moves up relative to the other

47. Where do earthquakes happen?
At divergent boundaries –
plates pull apart
Causes tension
Shallow earthquakes
Normal faults
At convergent boundaries
Plates collide
Compression stress causes reverse faults
Very strong earthquakes
At Transform boundaries – slide past eachother
Sheer stress
Cause strike slip faults

48. Faults

49. Volcano formation website animation
nimations/35_VolcanicAct.html

50. 7th period revised volcano project
Title slide: name of volcano, picture and your names
Slide 2: where it is located including a map
Slide 3: 5 interesting facts
slide 4: last eruption/damages
Slide 5: Short paragraph encouraging me to go to this volcano and explaining why I should