1. Lecture 4B More Repetition Richard Gesick
Figures from Lewis, “C# Software Solutions”, Addison Wesley

2. Overview Infinite Loops (again) Loop patterns (common tasks)
Sentinel loops
Counter controlled loops
Nested Loops
Examples

3. What is the output?
int count; for ( count = 0 ; count < 10 ; count++ ) { cout<<“*” ; }

4. OUTPUT
**********
NOTE: the 10 asterisks are all on one line. Why?

5. What’s the output from this loop?
int count; for (count = 0; count < 10; count++); { cout<<“*”; }

6. OUTPUT
the ; right after the ( ) means that the body statement is a null statement
in general, the body of the for loop is whatever statement immediately follows the ( )
that statement can be a single statement, a block, or a null statement
actually, the code outputs one * after the loop completes its counting to 10

7. int i = 0; while ( i < 10 ); { i++; }
What does this loop do?
int i = 0; while ( i < 10 ); { i++; }

8. INFINITE LOOP!
The semicolon indicates an empty loop body; i++ is never executed because it is not part of the loop body, so the condition is always true.
Avoid putting a semicolon after the condition of a while loop. Doing so creates an empty loop body and could result in an endless loop.

9. The Endless Loop also called an infinite loop
If the loop condition never evaluates to false, the loop body is executed continuously, without end
If the loop body has no output, the endless loop makes the computer appear to hang.
If the loop body produces output, the endless loop results in that output being repeatedly written without end.
Aborting the program will interrupt the endless loop.

10. Infinite Loops
An infinite loop is one in which the loop condition is always true.
Selective execution of a break statement or aborting/exiting the program methods of escaping an infinite loop.

11. The break Statement break; Example: What is the output?
terminates loop
execution continues with the first statement following the loop
Example: What is the output?
for (int i=0; i<=10; ++i) {
if(i%2) break;
cout << i << endl; }
(hint: true==1)

12. The continue Statement
forces next iteration of the loop, skipping any remaining statements in the loop
Example: What is the output?
for (int i=0; i<=10; ++i) {
if(i%2) continue;
cout << i << endl; }
(hint: true==1)

13. Looping Techniques
There are standard patterns and techniques for performing these common operations:
Accumulation
Counting Items
Finding an Average
Finding Maximum or Minimum Values

14. Accumulation Approach: the running total
We start by initializing a total variable to 0.
Each time we read a value, we add it to the total.
When we have no more values to read, the total is complete.
Note that this is the same pattern used by the grocery cashier.

15. Accumulation Pseudocode
set total to 0 // very important! read a number // priming read while ( number is not the sentinel value ) { add the number to total read the next number // update read } output the total

16. Forgetting to initialize the total variable to 0 before beginning the loop will produce incorrect results.

17. Counting Items Approach: the running count
We start by initializing a count variable to 0.
Each time we read a value, we check whether that value meets the criteria as something we want to count. If so, we increment the count variable by 1.
When we are finishing reading values, the count is complete.

18. Counting Items Pseudocode
set count to 0 // very important!! read input // priming read while ( input is not the sentinel value ) { if ( input is what we want to count ) add 1 to count read the next input // update read } output count

19. Forgetting to initialize the count variable to 0 before beginning the loop will produce incorrect results.

20. Calculating an Average
Approach: combine accumulation and counting
We start by initializing a total variable and count variable to 0.
Each time we read an item, we add its value to the total variable and increment the count variable
When we have no more items to read, we calculate the average by dividing the total by the count of items.

21. Calculating an Average Pseudocode
set total to 0 set count to 0 read a number while ( number is not the sentinel value ) { add the number to total add 1 to the count read the next number } set average to total / count average = (count==0)? 0 : (double) total / count; output the average

22. Forgetting to check whether the denominator is 0 before performing division is a logic error.

23. Correct Calculation
Remember that if we declare total and count as integers, then average will be calculated using integer division, which truncates the remainder.
To get a floating-point average, we need to type cast one of the variables (either total or count) to a double or a float to force the division to be performed as floating point.
Example:
double average = (double) ( total ) / count;

24. Finding Maximum/Minimum Values
Approach: the running maximum or minimum
For the maximum (minimum is similar):
Read the first item and save its value as the current maximum
Each time we read a new value, we compare it to the current maximum.
If the new value is greater than the current maximum, we replace the current maximum with the new value.
When we have no more items to read, the current maximum is the maximum for all values.

25. Initializing a maximum or a minimum to an arbitrary value, such as 0 or 100, is a logic error and could result in incorrect results.
For example, if we initialize the maximum to 0 and all the values read are less than 0, then we will incorrectly report 0 as the maximum.
Similarly, if we initialize the minimum to 0 and all the values read are greater than 0, then we will incorrectly report 0 as the minimum.

26. Sentinel-Controlled Loops
May be used for reading input data if a special data value exists that can be used to indicate the end of data.

27. A Sentinel-controlled Loop
requires a “priming read” (initialization)--this means you read one set of data before the while
test if not sentinel value
update is another read
Sentinel values:
same data type as value read
must tell user the sentinel value
cannot be a valid data value

28. Sentinel-Controlled while Loop
initialize variables // priming read read the first data item while ( item is not the sentinel value ) { process the item // update read read the next data item } report the results

29. Omitting the update read may result in an endless loop. Example:
cout<<"Enter a value " ;
int input;
cin>>input;
while ( input != 10 ) // 10 is sentinel value {
cout<< input <<endl; }
If the value entered for input is not 10, this is an endless loop because we never read a new value for input. Thus, the condition always evaluates to true.

30. Omitting the priming read can lead to incorrect results.
Example:
int input, count = 0;
while ( input != 10 ) // 10 is sentinel value {
cout<<"Enter an integer " ;
cin>>input;
count++; }
cout<< "Count is " << count <<endl;
If the user enters the values , then the output will be "Count is 3", which is incorrect. We should not process the sentinel value.

31. Do not check for the sentinel value inside a while loop
Do not check for the sentinel value inside a while loop. Let the while loop condition detect the sentinel value.

32. Counter-Controlled Loops
May be used for reading input data if the number of data values is known before the data are entered.

33. End-of-data Controlled Loops
Is the most flexible for reading input data.
No prior knowledge of the number of data values is required.
No sentinel value is required.

34. Constructing Loop Conditions
The loop body is executed as long as the loop condition evaluates to true
So if we want to stop executing the loop when the sentinel value is read, the loop condition has to check that the value is NOT the sentinel
Thus, the loop continuation condition is the inverse of the loop termination condition.

35. Example: Find Sum of 5 Integers
set total to 0
for i = 1 to 5 by 1 {
read integer
add integer to total }
print the total

36. Update Increment Can Be > 1
Print the even numbers from 0 to 20
set output to an empty String
for i = 0 to 20 by 2 {
append i and a space to output }
print the output String

37. For Loop Rules for (init; expr1; expr2) statement;
init statement can be null; expr2 is optional
for ( ; inputval != 999; )
cin>>inputval ;
expr1 optional, true assumed
for ( ; ; )
cout<< “Hi”;
init can be a declaration
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) //local scope

38. Loop Control Variable Scope
When a loop control variable is declared inside the for loop header, it cannot be referenced after the loop
for ( int i = 0; i < 3; i++ ) {
cout<< i <<endl; // ok }
cout<< i ; // error: i undefined

39. To Reference i After the Loop
int i; // declare i before loop for ( i = 0; i < 3; i++ ) { cout<< i <<endl; } cout<< i ; // ok

40. Testing for Loops
An important test for for loops is that the starting and ending values of the loop variable are set correctly.
For example, to iterate 5 times, use this header:
for ( int i = 0; i < 5; i++ )
or this header:
for ( int i = 1; i <= 5; i++ )

41. Nested Loops
Loops can be nested inside other loops; that is, the body of one loop can contain another loop.
A while loop can be nested inside another while loop or a for loop can be nested inside another for loop.
A for loop can be nested inside a while loop and a while loop can be nested inside a for loop.

42. Pattern of a Nested Loop
initialize outer loop
while ( outer loop condition ) {
initialize inner loop
while ( inner loop condition ) {
inner loop processing and update }
. . .

43. To design a nested loop begin with outer loop
when you get to where the inner loop appears, make it a separate module and come back to its design later

44. What’s the Output?
// print heading cout<<"i \t j“<<endl; for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) { cout<< "Outer " << i<<endl; for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) cout<<" Inner \t" << j<<endl; }

45. Nested for Loop Execution
Inner loop executes all its iterations for each single iteration of the outer loop
Example: how can we print this? 1
1 2
1 2 3

46. Analysis The highest number we print is the same as the line number.
for line = 1 to 5 by 1 {
for number = 1 to line by 1
print number and a space }
print a new line

47. Now let’s work some more loop examples….

48. Test Yourself How many times is the loop body below repeated?
What is printed during each repetition of the loop body?
x = 3;
count = 0;
while (count < 3) {
x = x * x;
cout<<x<<endl;
count++; }

49. Test Yourself
The following for loop is intended to display the values of i from 1 to 10. But the loop does not work correctly. Explain what the problem is and describe how to correct it.
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
cout<< i++<<endl;
Write a loop to add all the odd integers between 1 and n.

50. Test Yourself
What output values are displayed by the loop below for a data value of 5?
cout<< “Enter an integer “;
int x;
cin>>x;
product = x;
count = 0;
while (count < 4) {
cout<< product <<endl;
product = product * x;
count++; }
cout<<“End of loop “ << count << “ “ << product<<endl;

51. Test Yourself
What is the least number of times that the body of a while loop may be executed?
What is displayed by the segment:
sum = 0;
while (sum < 100)
sum += 5;
cout<< sum <<endl;
Rewrite the loop so that it prints all multiples of 5 from
0 through 100, inclusive.
Your young cousin is learning the binary number system and has asked you to write a program that displays all powers of 2 that are less than a certain value (say, 10,000).

52. Test Yourself
Write a flag-controlled loop that continues to read pairs of integers until it reads a pair with the property that the first integer in the pair is evenly divisible by the second.

53. Test Yourself What does the while statement below display?
Rewrite it as a for statement.
num = 10;
while (num <= 100) {
cout<< num <<endl;
num += 10; }
What does the for statement below display?
Rewrite it as a do-while statement.
for (n = 3; n > 0; n--)
cout<< n << “ squared is “ << pow (n, 2)<<endl;

54. What is displayed by the following program segments
What is displayed by the following program segments? (Assume m is 3 and n is 5.) for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) { for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) cout<< “*”; cout<<endl; } for (int i = m; i > 0; i--) { for (int j = n; j > 0; j--) cout<< “*”; cout<<endl; }

55. Write the nested loops that cause the output below to print. 1. 1 2