1. Chapter 37 Circulatory & Respiratory Systems

2. Think Pair Share What are the structures of the circulatory system?
What is the circulatory systems function?
What are the structures of the respiratory system?
What is the respiratory systems function?

3. How are the respiratory and circulatory system related?
The respiratory system brings oxygen into the body and expels carbon dioxide from the body. The circulatory system transports these two gases throughout the body.

4. Inquiry Activity

5. Circulatory System Section 37-1

6. FUNCTION Circulate nutrients & oxygen Remove wastes from all over body
Smaller organisms and some aquatic organisms can easily diffuse materials directly to environment.
Large organisms have many more cells & need a system of transport

7. TYPES of Circulatory Systems
Open Circulatory System
No vessels
 Blood just floats in the body cavities
Closed Circulatory System
 Blood flows in vessels

8. HUMAN Circulatory System
3 MAIN PARTS:
Heart
Blood Vessels
Blood
The heart
ACTS AS 2 PUMPS
To Lungs
To Body

9. HEART STRUCTURE Made of muscle: MYOCARDIUM make up heart walls
PERICARDIUM
a protective sac around the heart

10. HEART STRUCTURE 4 CHAMBERS 2 ATRIA (top) Receive Blood 2 VENTRICLES
Pumps out Blood
SEPTUM separates

11. Circulation Pathways PULMONARY From heart to LUNGS Right side of Heart
CO2 rich blood
1.Body 
2.R.atrium 
3.R. ventricle 
4.Pulmonary arteries 
5. Lungs
SYSTEMIC
From heart to BODY
Left side of Heart
O2 rich blood
Lungs 
L. atrium 
L. ventricle 
Aorta 
Body 

12. Blue- represents oxygen poor
Red- represents oxygen rich

13. Circulation is ONE WAY From Atria  Ventricles  Vessels
Figure 37-3 The Structures of the Heart
Section 37-1
From Atria  Ventricles  Vessels
VALVES prevent “backflow” of blood
= the “lub dub” sound of your heart
LUB = your tricuspid & mitral valves closing
DUB = your pulmonary & aortic valves closing
Tricuspid Valve
Prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium after it has entered the right ventricle
Pulmonary Valve
Prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle after it has entered the pulmonary artery
Aortic Valve
Prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle after it has entered the aorta
Mitral Valve
Prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium after it has entered the left ventricle
L A
R A
L V
R V
Septum

15. Heart “Beat” Actually two different muscular contractions
Stimulated by neuron clusters = “nodes”
1st – contraction of the atria – SA node (sinoatrial node)
started at the “pacemaker” in the right atria
 Blood moves from Atria to Ventricles
2nd – contraction of the ventricles – AV node (atrioventricular node)
 Blood moves from Ventricles out of heart
Bio 392

16. The Sinoatrial Node and the Atrioventricular Node
Section 37-1
The Sinoatrial Node and the Atrioventricular Node
Contraction of Atria
Contraction of Ventricles
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Conducting fibers
Atrioventricular (AV) node
Bio 392

17. Heart “Beat” Systole  Heart is pumping blood
Includes atria pumping to ventricles &
Ventricles pumping to lungs or body
Diastole  Heart is relaxed
Atria are filling with blood

18. The EKG
Measures the electricity passing through the heart at any specific time
Can be used to diagnose heart conditions
Each part of the EKG shows what is happening in the heart
Bio 392

19. EKG Parts P Wave contraction of the atria
QRS Complex contraction of the ventricles
T Wave resetting of the heart
Bio 392

20. P T Q R S
QRS

22. Blood Vessels
Aorta-vessel which gets blood from left ventricle to pump to the rest of the body
3 types of blood vessels
Arteries: large vessels that carry blood from heart to the tissues of body
Capillaries: smallest blood vessels, brings nutrients and oxygen to the tissues and absorbing carbon dioxide and other waste products
Veins: once blood has passed through capillaries, it must be returned to heart by veins

24. BLOOD PRESSURE force that blood exerts on the walls of the arteries
TOP # = systolic pressure
BOTTOM # = diastolic pressure
Normal = 120/80
1. Cut off blood flow in arm with pressure cuff
2. Slowly lower pressure of cuff.
When blood can just manage to squeeze past the pressure from cuff it represents the pressure of the ventricles’ “pushing” ability
3. Blood makes noise as it flows through vessels.
4. When noise of blood flow stops, it represents a relaxed heart; all blood has been “pushed out.”

25. Blood Pressure Regulation
two ways:
When stressed, neurotransmitters relax muscles around arteries
Lowers blood pressure
Controlled by autonomic nervous system
Hormones control retention in the blood
Act on Kidneys
Remove water to lower blood pressure
See homework # in worksheet

26. Atherosclerosis
Condition where fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries
What might this cause?

27. High Blood Pressure Also called hypertension
Weakens the heart muscle because it has to work harder to pump blood
Increases risk of heart attack and stroke

28. Consequences of Cardiovascular Disease
Heart attack –
Part of the heart dies
Symptoms include nausea, shortness of breath, and severe, crushing chest pain
Stroke –
Part of the brain dies
Place where stroke occurs in brain determines how it affects the body

29. Statistics 2000 Americans die of heart disease everyday
1 death occurs every 44 seconds
65 will die during this class
How do we measure for heart abnormalities?

30. BLOOD & LYMPH
Section 37-2

31. Blood Basics
Blood is a type of connective tissue containing both dissolved substances and specialized cells
It is a fluid tissue!
Collects oxygen from lungs, nutrients from the digestive system, and wastes from the tissues

32. Blood Basics
Helps regulate body’s internal environment (body temperature)
Can clot to repair damaged blood vessels
Can fight infection

33. Blood Plasma (55% of blood)
Straw colored liquid made of 90% water and 10% dissolved gases, salts, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, wastes, and plasma proteins
Plasma
Platelets
White blood cells
Red blood cells

34. Plasma Proteins Three different types of plasma proteins Albumins
Helps regulate osmotic pressure and blood volume
Transports substance (fatty acids, hormones, and vitamins)
Globulins
Some fight viral and bacterial infections
Fibrinogen
Responsible for ability to clot blood

35. Red Blood Cells Erythrocytes Most numerous blood cell in the blood
Do not contain nuclei or other organelles when they are mature
Most numerous blood cell in the blood
Produced in the bone marrow
Transport oxygen
Contains hemoglobin
Iron containing protein that oxygen binds to

36. White Blood Cells Leukocytes Produced in the bone marrow
Contain nuclei
Can be found outside of the circulatory system in the lymphatic system
Produced in the bone marrow
Guard against infection, fight parasites, and attack bacteria

37. Platelets and Blood Clotting
Platelets are cell fragments that contain clotting factor
Come in contact with edges of broken vessels and begin to stick together
Release proteins called clotting factor which starts the blood clotting process (start series of chemical reactions)
Thromboplastin, prothrombin, thrombin, and fibrinogen are all used in clotting blood

40. Hemophilia
Genetic disorder that results from a defective protein in the clotting pathway
People cannot produce blood clots
Can be treated with injections of the missing clotting factor

41. Blood Types
The presence or absence of proteins called antigens on the red blood cell
Carbohydrate “tags” on cell surface
Blood types include
A blood – have the A antigen on the RBC
B blood – have the B antigen on the RBC
AB blood – has both the A and B antigen on the RBC
O blood – does not have either A or B antigens on the RBC

43. Blood Transfusions
When serious injury occurs and blood is needed to be injected into patient, blood types must match or be compatible
If not compatible, the blood cells will react in a process called agglutination
Blood cells stick together

44. Successful transfusions?
DONOR TYPE
RECIPIENT BLOOD TYPE A B AB O
Yes No

45. Lymph System

46. The Lymphatic System
The lymphatic system is a system of vessels, nodes, and organs that collect any fluid lost by the blood
It returns this fluid (lymph) back into the circulatory system in the superior vena cava
Helps prevent cankles!

47. Lymph Nodes (throughout the body) Peyer’s Patches (intestine) Spleen
Lymphatic System
Vessels (with valves)
Lymph Nodes (throughout the body)
Peyer’s Patches (intestine)
Spleen
Thymus (under sternum & above trachea)
Tonsils and adenoids

48. Lymph Nodes (throughout the body) Peyer’s Patches (intestine) Spleen
Lymphatic System
Vessels (with valves)
Lymph Nodes (throughout the body)
Peyer’s Patches (intestine)
Spleen
Thymus (under sternum & above trachea)
Tonsils and adenoids

49. Summary
The cardiovascular system carries nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and wastes through the body and distributes heat to maintain homeostasis.
The structure of the heart chambers is related to their function. The atria are thin walled because they pump blood just to the ventricles. The ventricles are thick walled because they pump blood to either the lungs or the rest of the body.

50. Summary
The structure of blood vessels is related to their function. Arteries have thick, muscular walls to withstand the force of the pumped blood. Capillaries have thin walls to allow the exchange of gases and nutrients. Veins have one-way valves that stop blood from flowing backward.
The key components of human blood are plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
The lymphatic system works with the cardiovascular system by collecting fluids that leak out of capillaries and returning those fluids to the cardiovascular system.