1. Cardiovascular Cycle

2. Heart Actions
Cardiac Cycle: One complete heartbeat. The contraction of a heart chamber is called systole and the relaxation of a chamber is called diastole.

3. Blood pressure is the force of blood against the walls of arteries.
Blood pressure is recorded as two numbers—the systolic pressure (as the heart beats) over the diastolic pressure (as the heart relaxes between beats).

4. The cusps (flaps) of the bicuspid and tricuspid valves are anchored to the ventricle walls by fibrous “cords” called chordae tendineae, which attach to the wall by papillary muscles. This prevents the valves from being pushed up into the atria during blood flow.
Can you identify
these parts?

5. 1. Right Atrium 2. Tricuspid Valve 3. Right Ventricle 4. Left Atrium 5
1. Right Atrium 2. Tricuspid Valve 3. Right Ventricle 4. Left Atrium 5. Mitral Valve 6. Left Ventricle 7. Papillary Muscle 8.Chordae Tendinae 9. Mitral Valve cusps

6. The average (normal) blood pressure for an adult is 120/80
The average (normal) blood pressure for an adult is 120/80.  This number varies by person and it is best if you know what is *normal* for you, so that you (or your doctor) recognize when something is not normal. 
SPHYGMOMANOMETER

7. Factors affecting blood pressure
Average is 120/80   (higher number is the systolic pressure)
1.        Cardiac Output
2.       Blood volume (5 liters for avg adult)
3.       Blood Viscosity
4.       Peripheral Resistance
Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

8. ECG – electrocardiogram – a recording of the electrical events (changes) during a cardiac cycle
P Wave – depolarization of the atria (atrial contraction – systole)
QRS Complex – depolarization of the ventricles (ventricular contraction, systole)
T Wave – Repolarization of the ventricles
Heart Sounds – opening and closing of the valves, flow of blood into and out of the chambers, vibrations in muscle

9. Heart Sounds - Opening and Closing of Valves, "Lub Dub“
Stethoscope - instrument to listen and measure heart sounds

11. Electrical Conduction System
S-A Node
 Junctional Fibers
 A-V Node
 A-V Bundle
 Perkinje Fibers

12. Electrical Conduction System
Composed of three main parts:
(1) The sinoatrial (SA) node, located in the right atrium of your heart
(2) The atrioventricular (AV) node, located on the interatrial septum close to the tricuspid valve
(3) The His-Purkinje system, located along the walls of your heart's ventricles
SA Node
AV Node
Bundle of His/Perkinje Fibers

13. Electrical Conduction System
In a normal, healthy heart, each beat begins with a signal from the SA node. This is why the SA node sometimes is called your heart's natural pacemaker. Your pulse, or heart rate, is the number of signals the SA node produces per minute. The signal is generated as the vena cava fills your heart's right atrium with blood from other parts of your body. The signal spreads across the cells of your heart's right and left atria.
This signal causes the atria to contract. This action pushes blood through the open valves from the atria into both ventricles.

14. Electrical Conduction System
The signal arrives at the AV node near the ventricles. It slows for an instant to allow your heart's right and left ventricles to fill with blood. The signal is released and moves along a pathway called the bundle of His, which is located in the walls of your heart's ventricles.

15. Electrical Conduction System
From the bundle of His, the signal fibers divide into left and right bundle branches through the Purkinje fibers. These fibers connect directly to the cells in the walls of your heart's left and right ventricles.
The signal spreads across the cells of your ventricle walls, and both ventricles contract. However, this doesn't happen at exactly the same moment.
The left ventricle contracts an instant before the right ventricle. This pushes blood through the pulmonary valve (for the right ventricle) to your lungs, and through the aortic valve (for the left ventricle) to the rest of your body.
As the signal passes, the walls of the ventricles relax and await the next signal.
Electrical Conduction System

16. Electrical Conduction System – ECG Breakdown
P wave – 1st electrical signal sent from AV node after blood has filled both atria. This signal causes the artia to contract and push blood into the ventricles.
Atria contract

17. Electrical Conduction System – ECG Breakdown
R wave
Q wave – After the ventricles have filled with blood, the electrical signal moves on to the Bundle of His
R wave – The left ventricle contracts
S wave – the right ventricle contracts
systole
S wave
Q wave

18. Electrical Conduction System – ECG Breakdown
T wave – the heart ventricles relax after contraction, and the blood begins to fill the atria, starting the process over again.
Ventricles relax (diastole)

19. Can you identify
these parts?

20. 1 Sinoatrial node (Pacemaker) 2 Atrioventricular node 3 Atrioventricular Bundle (Bundle of His) 4 Left & Right Bundle branches 5 Bundle Branches (Purkinje Fibers

21. Regulation of the Cardiac Cycle
Controlled by the cardiac center within the medulla oblongata. The cardiac center signals heart to increase or decrease its rate according to many factors that the brain constantly monitors.

22. Cardiac Output Cardiac Output
Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate
Cardiac Output
Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate

23. SADS  = (Sudden Arrhythmia Death Syndromes  or  Sudden Adult Death Syndrome)
Routine ECG Screening may help prevent deaths in young people

24. An ECG is printed on paper covered with a grid of squares.
Notice that five small squares on the paper form a larger square. The width of a single small square on ECG paper represents 0.04 seconds.  
A common length of an ECG printout is 6 seconds; this is known as a "six second strip."
Interpreting ECGs

27. Analyze an ECG
Each one of the figures represents an ECG pattern displaying three types of abnormal rhythms: Tachycardia, Bradycardia, and Arrhythmia.  
Identify each.

28. Defibrillator Common treatment for life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia
The device shocks the heart and allows it to re-establish its normal rhythm
The device can also be used to start a heart that has stopped. 

29. Blood Clots can occur if blood does not flow properly through the veins - can occur if a person does not move enough

30. Disorders of the Circulatory System
1. MVP - mitral valve prolapse, the mitral valve does not close all the way; this creates a clicking sound at the end of a contraction Heart Murmurs – valves do not close completely, causing an (often) harmless murmur sound. Sometimes holes can occur in the septum f the heart which can also cause a murmur 3. Myocardial Infarction (MI) - a blood clot obstructs a coronary artery, commonly called a “heart attack”

31. 4. Atherosclerosis – deposits of fatty materials such as cholesterol form a “plaque” in the arteries which reduces blood flow. Advanced forms are called arteriosclerosis. Treatment: Angioplasty, where a catheter is inserted into the artery and a balloon is used to stretch the walls open. A bypass can also treat clogged arteries, a vein is used to replace a clogged artery. Coronary bypass refers to a procedure where the coronary artery is bypassed to supply blood to the heart. (The phrase “quadruple bypass” means that 4 arteries were bypassed.) Video Showing a Stent and Angioplasty (Mayo Clinic) 5. Hypertension – high blood pressure, the force within the arteries is too high. A sphygmomanometer can be used to diagnose hypertension