1. Development Planning and Its Critics
PIA 2501 Development Policy and Management

2. Development Planning Under the Microscope
Next Two Weeks
“Going Operational- What that means”
The “What is to be Done Syndrome”
Theory vs. Policy vs. Management 2

3. Overview Review of Themes Limitations of Planning
Review of Structural Changes
Planning Assumptions
The Blue Print Model Problem
The History and Logic of Planning

4. Definitions of Development Planning: Overview
Planning is the application of rational ordered choice to social and economic affairs.
An Oxymoron? 4

5. Question
Is this an oxymoron? 5

6. Neo-Orthodox View of Planning
Review of the Debate
Neo-Orthodox View of Planning
The Oxymoron Theory

7. Review: To what extent is the state planning approach necessary?
Expanded government meant specialized planning organizations and the rise of development economics as a discipline
Physical and Social Changes Require Strategic Planning
Remains Mandated by technical assistance and Donors

9. Review: To what extent is the state planning approach necessary?
There was rhetoric of a command economy as opposed to a market economy with two extremes and the soft state in-between
The issue of grass roots participation was raised
The Reality is in-between: Public Private Partnerships

10. Limitations of Planning
To what extent is the state planning approach possible?
Issue of growth vs. distribution
Issue of planning vs. ways in which budget priorities are set
Debate about the coordination of planning voluntary vs. hierarchical authority

11. Extreme Planning: Command Economies
Soviet Union Under Stalin
Mao’s China
Albania before 1989
Cuba
North Korea

12. Structural Reforms- Review
The Change: Overemphasized the Anti-State theme
Result
Since 1985, privatization, public sector reform and structural adjustment
New Theories
Neo-orthodoxy based upon Public and Social (Rational Choice) ideas
What was “Developmental” in the 1990s?

13. Contemporary Themes of Development- Review
Except for the Newly Industrializing Countries(NICs), the failure of Development Management as a method
Question: does failure occur as a result of state collapse? (Goran Hyden)
What is the future of Development Planning

14. The Problematic Goal

15. Level of Analysis Issue & Planning
Public Policy
Overall decisions to take action
Programs
Ongoing areas of activity within a policy area, a nucleus to carry out program
Projects
Discrete time-bound, often sector or spatially based activity

16. Contemporary Themes of Development
Problem of government as a negative; a state centric vs. society centric view
How does that translate into public private partnerships? (Robert Bates, Elinor Ostrom)
Issue of "implementation," the neglected component of development policy (Pressman)

17. Contemporary Themes of Development
Institution building is a pre-requisite
Development Policy is environmentally bound;
Importance of micro-macro linkages (Kathleen Staudt)

18. Haryana Community Forestry Institution Building Project (India)

19. The Blue Print Approach
Development Planning
The Blue Print Approach

20. Triumph of the Donor Need for the "Blueprint" approach
Donors vs. the Learning Process
The Blue Print problem and Project Management

21. Blue Prints
Blueprint Planning Requires Broad Consensus within Society

22. The Blueprint Approach
Defined by a series of steps:
Identification of available resources and setting of financial priorities
Need to distinguish incremental budgeting from capital or development budgets
Capital or Development Budgets are one time investments
Key: Built-in (sunken) costs and problem of maintenance and recurrent implications

23. The Blueprint Approach
Defined by a series of steps:
Identification of or selection of appropriate means (Funding)
Formulation of specific activities
Provision for plan's implementation

24. Blue Print Secure coordinated action and cooperation
especially in problem of communications
Seek funding for projects
Make Go/No Go Decision
Implementation:
Monitoring and Evaluation

25. Location, Location, Location
Location of planning Center: Manager of the Blueprints
Ultimately a political question- Central Control
President or Prime Minister’s Office
Ministry of Finance and Development Planning

26. Location, Location, Location
Location of planning Center: Manager of the Blueprints
Separate Departments or Commissions for Development and Planning Exercises
Depends upon International Technical Assistance
Private or NGO Contractor
Regional and local government
Social Funds

28. Location, Location, Location
Location of planning Center: Manager of the Blueprint
Use and overuse of inter-departmental committees
Afghanistan, Office of President

29. Controversy over the nature of planner
Cadre of Economists, budget specialists and project analysts
Informal ties with planner/economists in other ministries and Departments
Special issue of foreign international expatriate planners
Planning as shopping list for donors (pork barrel projects)
Politicos emphasis on physical planning infrastructure--problem of maintenance

30. The Concept of the Pork Barrel

31. Development Planning
Prologue: The European and Colonial Origins of Planning
Soviet Union--New Economic Period in the 1920s and the use of the five-year plan
British India--1930s. National planning and industrialization 31

32. Symbols of Industrialization

33. Prologue: Planning (Cont.)
Eastern vs. Western Europe after WWII
Britain in the 1950s--Labour Party flirts with plans
Two varieties: Command vs. Keynesianism 33

34. John Maynard Keynes, (1883-1946)

35. Development Planning: An Overview- Four Themes
Planning Defined
Planning Goals
Anti-Planning
Post-Planning 35

37. Definitions of Development Planning: Government Function
Development planners and development administrators are action-oriented and goal-oriented civil servants striving to promote economic and social development 37

38. Definitions of Development Planning
Development planning is the setting of priorities for the use of scarce resources 38

39. Development Planning
GOALS 39

40. Goals of Development Planning
Foster economic growth
Strengthen human and organizational capacities
Plan and develop physical infrastructure (roads, dams, railways, buildings, etc.) 40

42. Goals of Development Planning, continued
Promotion of greater equality in distribution of opportunities
Provide framework for wider participation in the economic system
Support social capital development in the form of stronger families, communities, interest associations and grass-root institutions 42

43. Social Capital?

44. Development Planning as a Process
Goal is to change societal behavior:
At the center: original goal planning the National Plan
monitoring and managing the economy
includes setting targets and achievement of goals 44

45. Russian Five Year Plan

46. Development Planning and Organization
At the center, overall goals are set through National Plan (the wish list) and through monitoring and “managing” the economy
planners set targets and measure goals
Key emphasis placed on local government authorities, extension services, and district administrations for service delivery
Integrated Rural Development Schemes 46

47. Rural Planning in Bangladesh

48. Development Planning: Local Level
In regions and districts, planner has a coordination responsibility that includes in some cases social mobilization (Forced?)
At regional and local level, goals are regional planning, coordination and mobilization
Overall--government agents or their contractors act as change agents, and provide “stimulus” to society 48

49. Forced Labour Convention ILO Poster

50. Books of the Week Paul Theroux, The Mosquito Coast
V.S. Naipaul, A Bend in the River

51. Discussion: Case Studies of the Week
Carlos Fuentes, “The Cost of Living”
Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, “The Interview”

52. PhD Students: What They Have Been Reading
Goran Hyden, No Shortcuts to Progress
Jennifer M. Brinkerhof, Partnership for International Development
Arturo Escobar, Encountering Development

53. Author of the Week: Arturo Escobar
What Does Escobar say about the concepts Development Economics and Planning?
How does he "Deconstruct" development?
What does that mean?

54. Question of the Week
"What Is To Be Done?" according to Escobar.

55. Intermission
Ten Minute Break

56. Discussion