1. Colour Mixing Dr Huw Owens
© Huw Owens - University of Manchester : 22/09/2018

2. Introduction Additive mixing Subtractive mixing Partitive mixing
Choice of primaries
Examples
© Huw Owens - University of Manchester : 22/09/2018

3. Provides the extreme limit of all colour stimuli.
Additive Mixing
Provides the extreme limit of all colour stimuli.
The coloured lights selected for colour mixing are usually called PRIMARIES
When mixing two or more lights the result is:
Brighter
Less saturated (less vivid)
© Huw Owens - University of Manchester : 22/09/2018

4. Primaries should be chosen so that:
Choice of Primaries
Primaries should be chosen so that:
The maximum GAMUT (the range of accessible colours) is achieved. The colours should be spread across the whole of the spectrum.
No two primaries when mixed should match one of the other selected primaries.
Although, for the widest gamut a large number of primaries will be best, for most purposes two will be sufficient, and the most economical.
Artists, when asked to select three colours as primaries would normally chose red, yellow and blue, but for additive mixing, yellow should be replaced by green. WHY?
© Huw Owens - University of Manchester : 22/09/2018

5. Red, Green and Blue Lights
When mixing lights yellow and blue = white
(NOT GREEN)
BUT green+red = yellow
© Huw Owens - University of Manchester : 22/09/2018

6. Additive Mixing (Lights)
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7. Examples of Additive Mixing
Theatre lighting
Triple projection
As demonstrated by Maxwell ( )
Colour Television
Colour monitors
The eye
© Huw Owens - University of Manchester : 22/09/2018

8. Colour Television
Streams of electrons from three “guns” pass through holes in the shadow mask and activate phosphors on the screen which glow red, green and blue. The phosphor dots are arranged in triads.
© Huw Owens - University of Manchester : 22/09/2018

9. It is often easier to simulate additive mixing using :-
Partitive Mixing
When coloured lights are mixed the luminance (brightness) of the mixture is the sum of the combined luminances of the primaries.
It is often easier to simulate additive mixing using :-
The persistence of vision (Temporal Integration)
When red, green and blue images are rapidly projected onto a screen successively the colours merge due to the persistence of vision. The same applies to Maxwell’s spinning disc during rapid spinning of the coloured disc.
© Huw Owens - University of Manchester : 22/09/2018

10. Partitive Mixing (continued)
The mosaic effect (Spatial averaging)
When small patches of colour in a pattern, as a mosaic, are viewed from a distance, the colours merge. The eye cannot resolve the colours separately.
In partitive mixing the overall luminance is the average of the individual colours taking their area into account, not the sum.
© Huw Owens - University of Manchester : 22/09/2018

11. The separate colours cannot be seen when viewed from a distance.
Pointilliste
George Seurat painted with small dots of pure colour, trying to achieve additive mixing.
The separate colours cannot be seen when viewed from a distance.
© Huw Owens - University of Manchester : 22/09/2018

12. For example (Yellow dyes absorb blue light)
Subtractive Mixing
Dyes and pigments (colorants) act by absorbing certain parts of the spectrum of white light more than others (except for Black which absorbs evenly).
For example (Yellow dyes absorb blue light)
Subtractive mixing is the mixing of colorants. The results of mixing vivid primaries are always duller and darker.
© Huw Owens - University of Manchester : 22/09/2018

13. Choice of Subtractive Primaries
From our knowledge of additive mixing it would be logical to choose those colorants that absorb red, green and blue light respectively from white light.
White (W) = R + G + B
Therefore, W-R = G+B = CYAN (C)
Likewise, W-G = R+B = MAGENTA (M)
And W-B = R+G = YELLOW (Y)
CYAN = (Bluish Green)
MAGENTA = (Purplish Red)
© Huw Owens - University of Manchester : 22/09/2018

14. The secondary and tertiary colours are :- C+M = Dark BLUISH VIOLET
Subtractive Mixing
The secondary and tertiary colours are :-
C+M = Dark BLUISH VIOLET
C+Y = GREEN
M+Y = RED
C (-R) + M (-G) + Y (-B) = BLACK
The symbol used for black is K
© Huw Owens - University of Manchester : 22/09/2018

15. Subtractive Mixing Magenta Blue Cyan Brownish Black Red Green Yellow
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16. Subtractive Mixing Examples include :- Painting Dyeing Printing
Colour Photography
© Huw Owens - University of Manchester : 22/09/2018

17. Subtractive Mixing - Printing
Halftone printing uses CMY colour separations composed of varying dot sizes are produced. As the primary inks do not absorb all of the red and green light, the black appears brownish. To produce a better quality black a separate black separation is added (CMYK).
© Huw Owens - University of Manchester : 22/09/2018

18. Subtractive Mixing – Colour Printing
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19. Film base Before exposure After exposure and developing
Colour Photography
Integral Tripack Film
Sensitive to blue
Yellow
Filter
Sensitive to green
Magenta
Sensitive to red
Cyan
Film base
Before exposure
After exposure and
developing
© Huw Owens - University of Manchester : 22/09/2018