1. Phantom Simulation of Liver Motion During Breathing
Group Members:
Ian Dallmeyer
Tuta Guerra
Ian Henderlong
Advisor:
Dr. Bob Galloway

2. Background
Over 17,550 people in the U.S. diagnosed with primary liver cancer in ,420 will die of liver cancer in 2005.
Cancers often spread throughout the liver.
Traditional surgery difficult/not possible.

3. Image Guided Liver Surgery
Imaging Techniques
CT, MRI, Ultrasound, X-ray angiography
Use data to create 3-D registration of liver
Surgical Therapy
Radio Frequency Ablation (RFA)
Chemoembolization
Chemotherapy
Embolization
RFA make large-volume tissue ablation effective for local control of some cancer. Microwave, cryotherapy, and high intensity focused ultrasound devices as well as concentrated radio frequencies to kill localized tumor.
Physicians insert a catheter through the patient's arteries to the liver and inject a high-dose of chemotherapy into the cancerous tissue. Next, the catheter releases an embolizing material that closes the blood vessels that feed the tumor. The result: the chemotherapy is trapped inside the tumor, and the tumor dies.

4. Success Rates of IGLS

5. Problem
Need an anatomically correct model which accurately simulates liver motion due to breathing to test IGLS techniques.

6. Advantages of Phantom Model
Porcine Liver
Approx. $1,000 – $2,000 per liver
Not anatomically correct
Not reusable
Phantom model
Anatomically correct
Reusable
Time and space-saving
Silicon
Art Department

7. Market Potential Current methods too invasive Low survival rate
Long recovery periods
Estimated market for IGLS 10x current IGNS market ($3.0-$7.5 billion)
Global Market
Liver Cancer is 10X more common in developing countries
Disadvantages with Competing Technologies – HFJV
Duration of 45 min.
Cardiovascular Complications
Patient Response
Expensive

8. Phantom Liver System Design
Ground
power source
w/ switch
2N2222 NPN Transistor
Muscle Wire
(All encased in PVC housing)

9. Shape Memory Alloy Shape memory alloys deform upon heating
Martensite – low T, soft, deformable
Austenite – higher T, hard, non-deformable
Other SMA’s - CuZnAl, and CuAlNi

10. Muscle Wire Specs Alloy: nitinol R 50 /m Activation T 70oC
Diameter = 150mm
Act. Current = 400 mA
Vact =~ 10V
Cooling time = 2 s

11. Design Specs 1-D Linear motion (cranial- caudal) 10.8 + 2.5 mm (ATLM)
Breath Frequency ~= .11 Hz. (1 breath/9 sec)
Active optical position sensor (Optotrak 3020)

12. Current Work Circuit Design Power Source Construction
Rebuild Base and Track System

13. Future Work Construction of PVC housing
Research for final paper/poster
Total model assembly

14. References
Herline AJ, Stefansic JD, Debelak JP, Hartmann SL, Wright Pinson C, Galloway RL, Chapman WC. Image Guided Surgery: Preliminary; Feasibility Studies of Frameless Stereotactic Liver Surgery. June 1999 Archives of Surgery 134:
Tarczy-Hornoch P, Jones D, Zerom B, Woodrum D, and Berk R. Mechanical Ventilators. [Online] Available WEB/vents.html, 1998.